Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

A reporter gene is used in transgenics to identify whether the transgene has been successfully introduced and expressed in the target tissue, often by producing a visible product like fluorescence.

The introduction of a transgene typically results in the production of a new protein (the product of the transgene) and can alter a biosynthetic pathway by introducing a new enzymatic step or modifying existing ones.

Biotechnology involves the exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes, especially the genetic manipulation of microorganisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, vaccines etc. It also involves various other methods involving production, amplification of DNA segments like DNA probe. 

Monoclonal antibodies are monospecific antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. In 1975, Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein succeeded in making fusions of myeloma cell lines with B cells to produce hybridomas that made antibodies to known antigens. Monoclonal antibodies were first produced by applying the techniques of somatic cell genetics to antibody-producing cells. The cells that produce antibodies (B cells) are short-lived in culture. Thus, attempts to maintain B cells in culture and harvest antibody specificities failed for many years until Cesar Milstein and George Koehler succeeded in immortalising B cells via somatic cell hybridisation.

Hybridoma technology is a technology of forming hybrid cell lines (called hybridomas) by fusing an antibody-producing B cell with a myeloma (B cell cancer) cell that is selected for its ability to grow in tissue culture and for an absence of antibody chain synthesis. The antibodies produced by the hybridoma are all of a single specificity and are therefore monoclonal antibodies. So, the correct answer is option C.

Both the methods are used to improve the herd genetics by adding a new set of desired genes to the herd. This increases the quality of the gene pool of the herd.  

While many concerns exist, the high cost of research, development, and patenting associated with genetic engineering is a primary economic barrier to its widespread adoption in developing nations.

Genetic engineering relies on the ability to manipulate DNA precisely. Restriction endonucleases act as molecular scissors that cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing for the insertion of foreign genes.

Human insulin was the first pharmaceutical product produced using recombinant DNA technology in genetically engineered bacteria (E. coli).

Plasmid is boon to biotechnology. By the used of plasmids of E. coli, it is possible to produce insulin polypeptide chains separately. This has enable the artificial production of mature human insulin commercially. In this, genome corresponding to the polypeptide chain A and B of insulin are synthesized in vitro. These are then introduced into plasmid of E.coli. Under selected medium, the polypeptides A and B are expressed highly. These are extracted and combined by creating disulphide bridge to form artificial human insulin.

Answer is option C i.e. "Genetically engineered insulin will not elicit immune response in human body"

All the listed biological products, including insulin, human growth hormone, interferons, and hepatitis-B surface antigen, are commercially produced using recombinant DNA technology in genetically engineered microbes such as bacteria or yeast.

Transgenic plants are organisms that have had their genetic material altered by the introduction of foreign genes from another species using genetic engineering techniques.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces proteins that are toxic to specific insect pests, which is why it is used to create bio-insecticidal crops.