Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders

Myaesthenia gravis is a type II disease of muscle end plates, due to autoantibodies against post-synaptic acetyl choline receptors. These antibodies result in lysis by complement as well as internalization of receptors after binding with the antibodies.

Bacteria Helicobacter pylori is responsible for peptic ulcer.

Autoimmune thyroid disorders are conditions where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland. The immune system is the body's defense system against infections and diseases. A problem with the immune system may make the body attack even its own cells, including the thyroid gland. When this happens, the thyroid gland cannot work correctly. Autoimmune diseases are strongly associated with enteroviruses such as Coxsackie B virus.

Hyperparathyroidism leads to elevated calcium levels in the blood (hypercalcemia), which increases the amount of calcium excreted in urine, significantly raising the risk of renal calculi (kidney stones). Other options like scurvy or diabetes are not primary causes of stone formation.

Excessive thirst or polydipsia is a hallmark symptom of Diabetes Insipidus, a condition where the kidneys cannot conserve water due to lack of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) or kidney resistance to it. Hyperthyroidism causes increased appetite and heat intolerance. Pheochromocytoma causes episodic hypertension. Cushion's syndrome (likely Cushing's syndrome) causes weight gain and moon face. The extreme thirst specifically points to Diabetes Insipidus.

The endocrine system is instrumental in regulating mood, growth and development, tissue function, metabolism, as well as sexual function and reproductive processes. This system consists of a network of ductless glands that regulate and balance the body's hormones, PH, temperature and assimilation of light. The endocrine glands include the pineal, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, pancreas, gonads (ovaries and testes) and adrenals

It is the sustained muscular contraction resulting from the lesser concentration of calcium due to the removal of parathyroid gland.

Hormonal diseases occur when glands secrete too much or too little of a hormone, disrupting body functions. Other options refer to genetic or external causes.

Goitre is caused by an iodine deficiency affecting the thyroid gland's hormone production. Cholera is infectious, beri-beri is a vitamin deficiency, and albinism is genetic.

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, causing muscle weakness. The antibody targets acetylcholine receptors (the question says 'acetylcholine' as the self protein target, which is imprecise but clearly intends this meaning). Options A, B, and D are unrelated hormones or substances not involved in this condition.

It is caused due to the excess secretion of thyroxine or hyperthyroidism.

It is an autoimmune disease caused due to sensitisation of thyroglobulin.

Oversecretion of aldosterone due to adrenal cortical tumour in the region of zona glomerulosa results in Conn's syndrome.

It is the phenomenon of hyposecretion of PTH by parathyroid due to autoimmune disease, genetic disease or accidental damage to the glands. It leads to hypercalcemic or parathyroid tetany.

It is caused due to deficiency of thyroxine and is characterised by puffy appearance caused by waxy swelling of skin due to abnormal deposition of glycosaminoglycans in the skin and other tissues.