Diseases and Health Risk Factors

As sodium accumulates, the body holds onto water to dilute the sodium. This increases both the amount of fluid surrounding cells and the volume of blood in the bloodstream. Increased blood volume means more work for the heart and more pressure on blood vessels. Over time, the extra work and pressure can stiffen blood vessels, leading to high blood pressure, heart attack, and stroke. It can also lead to heart failure.

Death rates have declined from 25 per 1000 population in 1951 to 8.1 per 1000 in 2001 and life expectancy at birth has increased from 36.7 years in 1951 to 64.6 years in 2001. The substantial improvement is the result of many factors including improvement in public health, prevention of infectious diseases and application of modern medical practices in diagnosis and treatment of ailments.

Emphysema is a form of chronic lung disease, usually caused by smoking.
Bronchitis is caused by tobacco smoke, dust, fumes, vapors and air pollution.
Gastric and duodenal ulcers that occur in the stomach are called as gastric ulcers. Ulcers that occur in the upper area of small intestine, which is the duodenal ulcers.
Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

Smoking causes many lung diseases that can be nearly as bad as lung cancer. Tobacco contains many chemicals and particles like nicotine that  irritate the airways and the lungs.
Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

• The leading causes of mouth cancer are tobacco and alcohol. The next major cause is cigarette smoking.
  
• Both are carcinogenic, which means they contain chemicals that can damage the DNA in cells and lead to cancer
  

Cigarette smoking causes lung cancer by damaging the cells that line the lungs. When we inhale cigarette smoke, which is full of cancer-causing substances (carcinogens), changes in the lung tissue begin almost immediately. At first our body may be able to repair this damage. But with each repeated exposure, normal cells that line our lungs are increasingly damaged. Over time, the damage causes cells to act abnormally and eventually cancer may develop. People who smoke cigarettes are 15 to 30 times more likely to get lung cancer or die from lung cancer than people who do not smoke. Even smoking a few cigarettes a day or smoking occasionally increases the risk of lung cancer. The more years a person smokes and the more cigarettes smoked each day, the more risk goes up. Cigarette smoking causes many types of cancer, including cancers of the lung, oesophagus, larynx (voice box), mouth, throat, kidney, bladder, pancreas, stomach, and cervix, as well as acute myeloid leukemia.

Nicotine is the primary psychoactive alkaloid in tobacco that acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain to cause addiction.

Dehydration refers to a deficit of total body water, with an accompanying disruption of metabolic processes. It results from the loss of water and important electrolytes from the body, including potassium, sodium, chloride and many other minerals. The major factors which cause dehydration are Hot and Humid weather, habitation at high altitude and chronic illness. To prevent dehydration, one has to drink plenty of fluids and eat foods high in water such as fruits and vegetables. There are other preventive measures as well which include avoiding alcohol and caffeinated beverages, they increase dehydration. Wear light colored, absorbent, loose fitting clothing. Stay in cool, shades areas when possible, protect your skin with sun block. It can be treated with the help of using an oral rehydration solution which is easily available in chemists shops. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Emphysema is a respiratory disorder which occurs due to the inflation or abnormal distension of the bronchioles or alveolar sacs resulting in the loss of their elasticity. Cigarette smoking and chronic bronchitis are the causes of this disease.

Cirrhosis is an abnormal liver condition in which there is irreversible scarring of the liver. People with cirrhosis may develop jaundice, itching and extreme tiredness. When liver tries to break down alcohol, the resulting chemical reaction damage its cells. This damage can lead to inflammation and scarring as the liver tries to repair itself.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are significantly more common in women than in men due to anatomical differences, specifically the shorter urethra in women.

Arthritis is a disorder of the joints. It involves inflammation of one or more joints. When affected by arthritis, the joint or joints affected may be painful to move, may move in unusual directions or may be immobile completely. Osteoporosis is a disease of bone where there is reduced bone mineral density, increasing the likelihood of fractures.