Diseases and Health Risk Factors

Genetic, hormonal, and organ malfunctions are internal factors. An inadequate diet is an external factor related to lifestyle and environment.

Hemophilia is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in genes responsible for blood clotting factors, not by the malfunctioning of an organ. Myopia, kidney failure, and cardiac failure are all conditions resulting from the improper function of specific body organs or systems.

The author illustrates both the factors causing Cancer and explains them in context to different kinds of Cancer disease and later states his view that neither bad genes nor unhealthy lifestyle can be discounted in the cases of Cancer in humans. He must therefore believe that (A) they both affect a person health in context to Cancer, although he says he doesn't know which is more important.

Asthma is a respiratory condition marked by spasms in the bronchi of the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing.

Aging pacemaker theory suggests that one cell or one type of tissue interferes with cell proliferation, thereby initiating the process of senescence throughout the body.

 In people addicted to alcohol, the liver gets damaged because it has to detoxify the alcohol.

Cholesterol helps your body build new cells, insulate nerves, and produce hormones. Normally, the liver makes all the cholesterol the body needs. But cholesterol also enters your body from food, such as animal-based foods like milk, eggs, and meat. Too much cholesterol in your body is a major risk factor for heart disease. 

Peanut allergy is an example of an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity.

The correct option is (4).

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Osteoporosis is the main cause of hip fracture. From about 35 years of age, you gradually lose bone density. This is a normal part of ageing, but for some people it can lead to osteoporosis.

Carcinoma refers to malignant tumours of the skin or mucous membrane.

Chronic pancreatitis occurs most commonly after an episode of acute pancreatitis, and is the result of ongoing inflammation of the pancreas. In about 45% of people, chronic pancreatitis is caused by prolonged alcohol use. Other causes include gallstones, hereditary disorders of the pancreas, cystic fibrosis, high triglycerides and certain medicines. Damage to the pancreas from excessive alcohol use may not cause symptoms for many years, but the person may suddenly develop severe pancreatitis symptoms including severe pain and loss of pancreatic function resulting in digestion and blood sugar abnormalities.

Hepatitis is a disease which affects or causes an inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis virus is the main cause of hepatitis.

Smoking is well-documented to cause lung cancer, bronchitis, and emphysema due to the inhalation of toxic chemicals. Brain damage is not a direct, primary consequence typically associated with smoking.