Diseases and Health Risk Factors

True - Women generally experience more severe health consequences from alcohol at lower consumption levels than men. This is due to differences in body composition, metabolism, and hormonal factors that affect blood alcohol concentration and organ vulnerability.

Depression has multiple potential contributing factors including both genetic predisposition and certain medications as risk factors. Other causes include traumatic life events, chronic stress, medical conditions, substance abuse, and brain chemistry imbalances. Option C correctly identifies that both genetics and medications can contribute to depression. However, it's important to note that these are risk factors and contributing causes rather than guaranteed causes - depression is typically multifactorial.

Depression is associated with increased risks for various physical health conditions including HIV (through risky behaviors), asthma (possibly via inflammatory pathways and stress), and coronary artery disease (through stress, inflammation, and lifestyle factors). The relationship is bidirectional - depression can worsen these conditions, and having these conditions can increase depression risk.

Elderly women face significantly higher risks of osteoporosis due to menopause-related bone density loss and estrogen decline. Arthritis, particularly rheumatoid arthritis, also affects women 2-3 times more frequently than men.

A woman's lifetime risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer is approximately 1 in 9, which represents about 11-12% of women. This statistic means that roughly 1 out of every 9 women will develop breast cancer during their lifetime. The risk increases with age and other factors.

Being overweight after menopause increases breast cancer risk because adipose tissue produces estrogen, and higher lifetime estrogen exposure is linked to breast cancer. Under wired bras, breast trauma, and breast size are not proven risk factors - these are common myths not supported by scientific evidence.

There has been ongoing scientific debate about whether cell phone radiation can cause cancer, particularly brain tumors, due to the electromagnetic fields they emit. While some studies suggest a possible link, the overall scientific consensus remains inconclusive, though health organizations recommend precautionary measures like using hands-free devices.

Smoking is a major cause of multiple types of cancer. All the options listed are scientifically established cancer types caused by tobacco use: acute myeloid leukemia (blood cancer), bladder cancer, cervical cancer, esophageal cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, uterine cancer, and oral cavity cancer. The Surgeon General's report and WHO recognize these causal links.

Cardiovascular diseases, including heart disease and stroke, are the leading cause of death globally according to WHO data, responsible for approximately 17-18 million deaths annually. This far exceeds deaths from road accidents, cancers, or wars.

Motor vehicle crashes are consistently the leading cause of accidental death annually, far exceeding drowning, poisoning, and falls in total fatalities. While poisoning and falls cause many deaths, especially among elderly, motor vehicle accidents remain the number one accidental killer across all age groups.

Tooth decay (dental caries) is the most common non-contagious disease worldwide, affecting about 2.3 billion people globally according to WHO statistics. It's caused by bacteria in the mouth converting sugars into acids that dissolve tooth enamel.

Genetic disorders result from errors in the DNA of our body cells. Hormonal disorders (for e.g. excessive growth, appearance of facial hair in females, etc) are the results of imbalanced secretion of hormones produced within the body. Similarly, if any body organ malfunctions, i.e. it does not function in proper order, then it is an internal cause. But if there is malnutrition, then the cause is purely external and not within our body. We should remember that cause may be external or internal, but the effect is seen on the general health of our body.

Yes, it is correct. The contributing causes are like, undernourishment and poor heredity.

Only advanced maternal age has been conclusively shown to be associated with nondisjunction.

Individuals with HLA-DR2 are more at risk of developing multiple sclerosis than those with other HLA-DR specificities. Thus a higher frequency of HLA-DR2 is found in MS patients versus the normal population.