Deficiency Diseases and Disorders

This is the correct option. Inadequate quantity of food and lack of some essential nutrients in food leads to deficiency diseases.

This is the correct option. The deficiency of proteins and carbohydrates leads to marasmus. The deficiency of vitamins leads to beri-beri. The deficiency of minerals leads to goitre.

Gaucher's disease is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase, leading to accumulation of glucocerebroside (a type of lipid or fat) in cells. This results in abnormal fat metabolism, specifically affecting the breakdown of sphingolipids. It is not primarily a disorder of protein, carbohydrate metabolism, or vitamin deficiency.

Scurvy is caused by vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency. Vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis in the body. Without it, blood vessels become fragile, leading to bleeding gums, fatigue, and poor wound healing. Citrus fruits are rich in vitamin C.

This is the correct option. Cheilosis is caused by the deficiency of vitamin B₂.

This is the correct option. Pellagra is a vitamin deficiency disease most frequently caused by a chronic lack of niacin (vitamin B₃ or synonym: vitamin PP (From: Pellagra Preventing factor)) in the diet.

This is the correct option. Marasmus is caused due to the deficiency of protein and total food calories. It is different from Kwashiorkor, which is actually caused due to lack of protein in the diet. Marasmus is usually found in very young infants and very young children.

In osteomalacia (vitamin D deficiency in adults), serum calcium is typically low or low-normal due to secondary hyperparathyroidism (PTH attempts to maintain calcium by increasing bone resorption). This makes increased serum calcium the FALSE statement and the correct exception. The other options are true: alkaline phosphatase is increased (due to high bone turnover from PTH stimulation and osteoid formation), Looser's zones (pseudofractures) are pathognomonic radiological features, and proximal myopathy is a common clinical manifestation due to vitamin D's role in muscle function.

This is due to low food calorie intake not due to protein deficiency. In developing countries like India, it is common in infants below one year of age. The causal factor may be due to early replacement of mother's milk by other foods of low protein and calorific value. This may happen if the mother has a second pregnancy when the older infant is still too young.

Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of clotting factors in the liver, particularly factors II, VII, IX, and X, which are required for proper blood coagulation. A deficiency of vitamin K leads to impaired blood clotting, resulting in excessive bleeding and poor wound healing. This is distinct from scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) and pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency).

Deficiency of vitamin C causes scurvy.

This is the correct answer. PEM or Protein Energy Malnutrition causes the diseases kwashiorkor and marasumas.

It is caused by excessive fat intake and overnutrition.