Constitutions and Law

The 93rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2005, inserted clause (5) into Article 15, allowing the state to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes in private educational institutions.

 Seven fundamental rights were originally provided by the Constitution – right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, right to property and right to constitutional remedies.

Article 356 of the Indian Constitution allows the President to impose President's Rule in a state if the state government cannot function according to constitutional provisions.

The requirement for voter identity cards was introduced through the Election Laws (Amendment) Act, 1975.

Education was originally a state subject but was moved to the Concurrent List by the 42nd Amendment of the Indian Constitution in 1976.

The First Schedule of the Indian Constitution contains the list of states and union territories. Any change in the territory of a state or creation of a new state requires an amendment to this schedule.

Articles 101 to 104 of the Indian Constitution deal with the vacation of seats, disqualifications, and penalties for sitting and voting before making an oath.

Rigid Constitution are those Constitution that can not be changed. Flexible Constitution are Constitution that can be changed through a process of amendment. 

Proclamation of National Emergency has been defined under article 352.According to this, If the President is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the security of India or of any part of the territory thereof is threatened, whether by war or external aggression or armed rebellion, he may, by Proclamation, made a declaration to that effect in respect of the whole of India or of such part of the territory thereof as may be specified in the Proclamation Explanation. 

The basic structure doctrine was first articulated by Chief Justice Sarv Mittra Sikri in the landmark decision of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala .Previously, the Supreme Court had held that the power of parliament to amend the constitution was unfettered. 

The Preamble, Fundamental Rights, and Directive Principles of State Policy collectively aim to secure economic justice in India.

Article 343(1) of the Indian Constitution states that the official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script.

The Preamble to the Constitution of India declares that India is a secular country. The term secularism refers to the governmental practice of indifference towards religion. Secular politics attempt to prevent religious philosophies or bodies from influencing governmental policies. The philosophy that the Indian constitution upholds is a kind of secular humanism made relevant through a historical development of the ideology within the context of religious pluralism in India.