Constitutions and Law

Statement 1: It is correct. Constitution bench is the name given to the benches of the Supreme Court of India which consist of at least five judges of the court which sit to decide any case of the Constitution of India. Statement 2: It is incorrect. The Chief Justice of India has the power to constitute a Constitution Bench and refer cases to it.  Statement 3: It is correct. Supreme Court considers only those appeals from any judgment, decree or final order in a proceeding of a High Court in the territory of India, if the High Court certifies under Article 134(A) that the case involves a substantial question of law of general importance; and in the opinion of the High Court, the said question needs to be decided by the Supreme Court.

The Indian Constitution describes India as a 'Union of States' and avoids the term 'federal' in the text, though it has federal features. The First Schedule originally categorized states into Part A (former British provinces), Part B (Princely states), Part C (Chief Commissioner provinces), and Part D (Andaman and Nicobar).

The 13th Amendment, ratified in 1865, officially abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States.

The Second Amendment protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms. The other options are either incorrect or refer to different amendments.

The First Amendment protects several fundamental freedoms, including freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and the right to assemble peaceably.

James Madison is widely considered the Father of the Constitution and was the primary author of the Bill of Rights, which he introduced to Congress in 1789.

The Jones Act of 1917 (Jones-Shafroth Act) expanded the rights granted by the Foraker Act to Puerto Ricans. Most importantly, it granted U.S. citizenship to all Puerto Ricans. It also created a more democratic legislative system with an elected senate. The Teller Amendment concerned Cuba, Seward's Folly was Alaska, and Open Door Policy was about China.

Under Chief Justice John Marshall, the Supreme Court issued landmark rulings like Marbury v. Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland that established judicial review and affirmed the supremacy of federal power over state power.

The election of Senators was originally determined by state legislatures under Article I. Changing this required the 17th Amendment, which is a formal constitutional change.

The Articles of Confederation created a weak central government with no executive branch and limited taxing power, reflecting the American fear of tyranny after the Revolution.

The 'clear and present danger' test established that the government can limit free speech if that speech poses a direct threat to public safety or national security.

Thomas Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican who argued that the federal government only possessed the powers explicitly granted to it by the Constitution.

President Thomas Jefferson justified the Louisiana Purchase by exercising his constitutional power to make treaties, as the Constitution does not explicitly grant the president the power to acquire new territory.

Alexander Hamilton argued that the Necessary and Proper Clause, also known as the Elastic Clause, gave Congress the implied power to create a National Bank to carry out its enumerated powers.

The Articles of Confederation created a weak central government that lacked the power to tax or regulate trade. The Constitution was written specifically to replace it with a stronger federal structure.