Botany and Plant Science

• A leaf base is also known as hyphopodium, it is the lowermost part of the leaf which is slightly expanded region where the leaf get attached to the stem.
  
• It is indistinct in most of the plants which act as a cushion for the leaves.
• The vegetative shoot apex consists of two regions i.e, summit and flank.

1. Summit-  The rate of division is slow and it is located at the apex.
   
2. Flank- The rate of division is very fast and it lies behind the summit.
   

• Leaf primordium is formed on the flanks by the flank meristem.
  
• So, the correct answer is 'Leaf base'

In an unifacial leaf, the stomata are present in lower and upper epidermis. Unifacial leaf is also called as isobilateral or amphistomatic. Unifacial leaf is a leaf that develops from one side of the leaf primordium only and in consequence has only an encircling adaxial or abaxial epidermis (may be secondarily flattened and appear dorsiventral).
Thus, the correct answer is option C.

A leaf which possesses stomata exclusively its upper side is called as lotus type. Aquatic plants are plants that have adapted to living in aquatic environments. They are also referred to as hydrophytes or macrophytes. These plants require special adaptations for living submerged in water or at the water's surface. The most common adaptation is aerenchyma, but floating leaves and finely dissected leaves are also common.
Thus, the correct answer is option C.

In peltate leaf, the leaf blades are deeply lobed. In this, the petiole is attached to the middle of the adaxial side of the leaf. Examples of leaves having peltate leaf blade include Nelumbium, Victoria, Tropaeolum. In this, the petiole is attached to the surface of lamina. Thus, the correct answer is 'Peltate.'

A swollen leaf base is called as Pulvinus. This type of leaves are seen in Fabaceae family. The swelling results due to change in the turgor pressure. Night closure movement of legume leaves shows this pulvinar movement. The pulvinus protects the young axillary bud.

A ligule is a variously modified extension of the sheath lying at the base of the blade. While this vegetative part of the leaf blade of the family of grasses, is often a vertical membrane present as an outgrowth at the inner junction of the leaf sheath and blade, in heterosporus lycophytes, this is one of the enigmatic structures. The term which means a little tongue is an appendage that is found at the adaxial side of the leaves. Found in mostly Selaginellales and Isoeteles, the mature ligule shows four regions, sheath, glossopodium, main body and apex. The sheath is the base of the ligule which is composed of long tube shaped cells. The glossopodium is found just above the sheath as vaculoted cells.
Therefore, the correct option is A.

Leaves, in which stomata are present on the upper epidermis are called epistomatic leaves. In Nympheae, Nelumbo, Victoria, epistomatic leaves are present.

So, the correct option is ‘All of the above’.

In the vascular bundles of leaves, xylem is situated towards the adaxial or upper epidermis side and phloem is situated towards the abaxial or lower epidermis side.

So, the correct option is ‘lower epidermis’.

Bryophyta includes the simplest and primitive land plants, which are characterised by the persence of independent gametophyte and parasitic sporophyte. They are non-vascular land plants with undifferentiated plant body. the plant body is not divided into true leaves, stem and roots. In all bryophytes the ecologically persistent, photosynthetic phase of the life cycle is the haploid, gametophyte generation rather than the diploid sporophyte; bryophyte sporophytes are very short-lived, are attached to and nutritionally dependent on their gametophytes and consist of only an unbranched stalk, or seta, and a single, terminal sporangium. 

Bryophytes are the non-vascular terrestrial plants of moist habitats in which a multicellular diploid sporophyte lives as a parasite on an independent multicellular haploid gametophyte. Bryophytes include the mosses and liverworts that are found commonly growing in moist shaded areas in the hills. The plant body of bryophytes is more differentiated than that of algae. It is thallus-like and maybe prostrate or erect. They lack true roots. The plant body is attached to the substratum by root-like structures called rhizoids. The rhizoids may be unicellular or multicellular.

Funaria is a genus of approximately 200 species of moss. These are primitive multicellular, autotrophic, shade-loving, amphibious plants. They reproduce by spore formation. They have no vascular system. Conducting tissue present is parenchyma. Root like structures called rhizoids are present. They show alternation of generation i.e., the gametophytic stage alternates with the sporophytic stage.

Gemmae also occur on the protonemal branches of some Funaria species.

In Marchantia, both the elater mother cells and spore mother cells are derived from the same sporogenous tissue within the capsule, thus belonging to the same generation.