Botany and Plant Science

• During fertilisation, there is a fusion of the male and the female gametes. 
• In the case of angiosperms, there is a phenomenon called as double fertilisation. 
• There is a formation of zygote and endosperm after triple fusion. The zygote gets transformed to form the embryo. 
• The ovule gets converted to seed and the ovary develops to form the fruit. the integuments form the seed coat. 

A fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which angiosperms disseminate seeds. The outer, often edible layer, is the pericarp, formed from the ovary and surrounding the seeds, although in some species other tissues contribute to or form the edible portion. The pericarp may be described in three layers from outer to inner, the epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp. A fruit results from maturation of one or more flowers, and the gynoecium of the flower(s) forms all or part of the fruit

Sugar beetroots are processed into white sugar, pulp and molasses for food, feed or industrial applications. A typical sugar beetroot consists of 75.9% water, 2.6% non-sugars, 18.0% sugar and 5.5% pulp. In the sugar fraction, 83.1% is recovered as crystalline sucrose, 12.5% is recovered as molasses.

The biggest flower belongs to a plant called rafflesia arnoldii, which is a total root parasite because it cannot prepare its own food, thus takes food along with water and minerals from the roots of the host plant.

The flower with the world's largest bloom is Rafflesia arnoldii. This rare flower is found in the rainforests of Indonesia. It can grow to be 3 feet across and weigh up to 15 pounds. It is a total root parasitic plant, with no visible leaves, roots, or stem. It attaches itself to the roots of host plant to obtain water and nutrients. 

Cuscuta (Doddar) plant is obligate or total stem parasite. It completely lacks chlorophyll and has no connection with the soil after the seeding stage. Therefore it is totally dependent on the host for organic food materials and supply of water and minerals salts.

Epiphytes are plants that grow attached to other plants. Epiphytes and climbing plants have aerial roots that anchor the plant to the bark, branch or another surface on which it grows. Aerial roots of some epiphytes are specialized not only for anchorage but some have photosynthetic roots (some epiphytic orchids), some absorb water. Some parasitic epiphytes, such as mistletoe (Phorodendron sp, etc.), have roots that penetrate the host plant tissues and absorb nutrients.

Rafflesia is an example of the obligate root parasites. These parasites are organism which cannot complete its life cycle without a host. It is done with the help of an absorptive organ, the haustorium.

The largest bloom is a parasitic plant, Rafflesia arnoldii which is found in the rainforests of Indonesia.

Sporophytic inviability refers to the failure of a zygote or embryo to develop into a viable sporophyte due to genetic or developmental incompatibility. The other terms are not standard biological classifications for this specific failure.

Nodules develop in the roots of leguminuos plants like pulses and grams. These nodules have a very specific function. They inhabit rhizobium bacteria. it is a type of nitrogen fixing bacteria, It absorbs free nitrogen from the atmosphere and converts it into nitrites and nitrates and fixes it in the soil. From soil, plants absorb nitrogen fixed by the bacteria. So, nitrogen requirement of leuminuous plants is fulfilled.