Botany and Plant Science

Fruit is a seed-bearing structure in flowering plants formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which angiosperms disseminate seeds.  A fruit results from maturation of one or more flowers, and the gynoecium of the flower forms all or part of the fruit. The outer, often edible layer, is the pericarp, formed from the ovary and surrounding the seeds, although in some species other tissues contribute to or from the edible portion. The pericarp may be described in three layers from outer to inner, the epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp. 

Upon fertilization while ovule develops into seed. Pericarp develops from carpel. The pericarp is typically made up of three distinct layers, the epicarp, which is the outermost layer, the mesocarp, which is the middle layer and the endocarp, which is the inner layer surrounding the ovary or the seeds. In a citrus fruit, the epicarp and mesocarp make up the peel.
Therefore, the correct answer is option C.

Endosperm is a tissue produced inside the seeds of most flowering plants around the time of fertilization. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch, though it can also contain oils and protein.
Thus, the correct answer is option (B), 'Endosperm'.

• During fertilisation, there is a fusion of the male and the female gametes. 
• In the case of angiosperms, there is a phenomenon called as double fertilisation. 
• There is a formation of zygote and endosperm after triple fusion. The zygote gets transformed to form the embryo. 
• The ovule gets converted to seed and the ovary develops to form the fruit. the integuments form the seed coat. 

A fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which angiosperms disseminate seeds. The outer, often edible layer, is the pericarp, formed from the ovary and surrounding the seeds, although in some species other tissues contribute to or form the edible portion. The pericarp may be described in three layers from outer to inner, the epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp. A fruit results from maturation of one or more flowers, and the gynoecium of the flower(s) forms all or part of the fruit

Cyanocobalamine is vitamin $B _{12}$. It is manufactured by bacteria and can only be found naturally in animal products. Its main sources are liver of ox, fish, crab, milk, cheese, etc. Thus, it is not obtained from plants.

Sugar beetroots are processed into white sugar, pulp and molasses for food, feed or industrial applications. A typical sugar beetroot consists of 75.9% water, 2.6% non-sugars, 18.0% sugar and 5.5% pulp. In the sugar fraction, 83.1% is recovered as crystalline sucrose, 12.5% is recovered as molasses.

Crystals of calcium oxalate, starch grains, stone cells with lignified walls, brown tannin cells, and crystals of gypsum are present in the cells of Ficus benghalensis, they belong to family Moraceae. The presence of different crystals is the characteristic feature that distinguishes families from each other.

Utricularia is also called as bladderwort because a part of the leaf is modified into a bladder like structure for catching small animals. It is a total root parasite because it is rootless and cannot prepare its own food.

The biggest flower belongs to a plant called rafflesia arnoldii, which is a total root parasite because it cannot prepare its own food, thus takes food along with water and minerals from the roots of the host plant.

The flower with the world's largest bloom is Rafflesia arnoldii. This rare flower is found in the rainforests of Indonesia. It can grow to be 3 feet across and weigh up to 15 pounds. It is a total root parasitic plant, with no visible leaves, roots, or stem. It attaches itself to the roots of host plant to obtain water and nutrients. 

Cuscuta (Doddar) plant is obligate or total stem parasite. It completely lacks chlorophyll and has no connection with the soil after the seeding stage. Therefore it is totally dependent on the host for organic food materials and supply of water and minerals salts.