Biology · Science General

Botany and Plant Science

5,038 Questions

Botany and plant science delve into the biological study of plant life, covering structural anatomy, physiological processes, and reproductive mechanisms. Key topics include inflorescence patterns, root modifications, and seed development, which are vital for biology sections in medical entrance exams. This collection of practice questions helps solidify understanding of complex plant functions.

Plant ReproductionPlant AnatomyRoot ModificationsInflorescence PatternsPlant Morphology

Botany and Plant Science Questions

Multiple choice botany seeds - structure and germination what is a seed? seeds seed

After preparing a transverse section out of a cut piece of a
plant axis, it was seen that it has a C shaped open arch of
end arch collateral vascular bundles with secondary growth.
This indicates that it is a transverse section of _______________.

  1. A dicotyledonous petiole

  2. A dicot stem at the node

  3. A dicot root at the point where a root branch is corning out

  4. A phylloclade
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

A C-shaped vascular bundle arrangement is characteristic of the petiole in dicotyledonous plants, which supports the leaf blade.

Multiple choice botany seeds - structure and germination what is a seed? seeds seed

In cereals, one or few outermost layers of the endosperm become highly specialised morphologically and physiological and constitute the aleurone tissue. Which of the following statements regarding aleurone tissue(or aleurone cells) is incorrect?

  1. Aleurone cells are characterised by the presence of thin walls and vacuolated cytoplasm with single small nucleus

  2. Aleurone grains, rich in proteins are present in these cells

  3. Aleurone grains present in aleurone cells are closely associated with sphaerosomes

  4. During seed germination, the reserve food of endosperm is digested by the activity of certain hydrolytic enzymes secreted by aleurone cells
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

The aleurone cells are characterized by the presence of thick walls and non-vacuolated cytoplasm interconnected by plasmodesmata. The most prominent organelles of these cells are aleurone grains, followed by sphaerosomes. Aleurone grains are surrounded by a single unit membrane which is closely associated with sphaerosomes. Aleurone grains possess two kinds of inclusion, besides the ground substance: (i) Globoids, present within the globoidal cavities, contain phytic and lipids; (ii) Protein-carbohydrate bodies, which are $1-1.5\mu$m in diameter. The ground substance also contains high concentration of protein, but it is less than that in the protein-carbohydrate bodies.

Aleurone tissue has received considerable importance in studies of plant hormone action. During seed germination the reserve food (starch and protein) in the endosperm cells is digested by the activity of certain hydrolytic enzymes (amylases and proteases) which are secreted by the aleurone cells.
So, the correct answer is 'Aleurone cells are characterised by the presence of thin walls and vacuolated cytoplasm with single small nucleus'.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo types of pollination cross pollination pollination and its types

Name the types of pollination which ensures genetic variation?

  1. Parthenocarpy

  2. Cross pollination

  3. Tissue culture

  4. Insects
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

  • Transfer of pollen grains from the male reproductive organ (anther) of one plant to the female reproductive organ (stigma) of another plant. 
  • Insects and wind are the main agents of cross-pollination.
  • Thus, it creates genetic variations in the plants making it more resistant to diseases and other conditions than the parent plants.

The correct answer is OPTION B.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo types of pollination cross pollination pollination and its types

During breeding, the removal of anthers from a flower is called as

  1. Anthesis

  2. Pollination

  3. Emasculation

  4. Vasectomy
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Emasculation involves the removal of stamens from bisexual flowers of the female parents in order to avoid self-pollination in these flowers. It is done before the anthers mature. If in a condition the female parent bears bisexual flowers, then elimination of anthers from the flower bud before the anther dehisces by means of a pair of forceps is necessary. This step is called as emasculation.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo types of pollination cross pollination pollination and its types

In plant breeding / hybridization, removal of stamens in the early stage of bisexual flower is practiced and it is known as

  1. Emasculation

  2. Crossing

  3. Sterilization

  4. Pure-line selection
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

  • Emasculation is the removal of anthers in a bisexual flower to prevent self-pollination. 
  • The female reproductive part is not involved in this process. It is a technique used by plant breeders to obtain the desired variety by crossing a plant with the desired pollen grain obtained by emasculation. 

Thus the correct answer is option A.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo types of pollination cross pollination pollination and its types

Select the correct pair of a statement.
A. Flowers are said to be unisexual when it contains either stamens or carpels.
B. Flower are said to be bisexual when both stamens or carpels are present.
C. If the transfer of pollen occurs in the same flower, it is referred to as cross-pollination.
D. If the pollen is transferred from one flower to another it is known as self-pollination.

  1. A and B

  2. C and D

  3. A and C

  4. B and D
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive organ (an anther or a male cone) of one plant to the female reproductive organ (a stigma or a female cone) of another plant. Insects and the wind are the main agents of cross-pollination. 

Self-pollination is the transfer of pollen from a male reproductive structure (an anther or male cone) to a female reproductive structure (a stigma or female cone) of the same plant or of the same flower. 
Flowers are said to be unisexual when it contain either stamens or carpels.
Flower are said to be bisexual when both stamens or carpels are present.
Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo types of pollination cross pollination pollination and its types

Which of the following statements is true with reference to cross pollination?

  1. It most often results in higher yield of plants.

  2. It occurs only in unisexual flowers.

  3. It can fail to occur due to distance.

  4. It requires production of large number of pollen grains.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Cross pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of another flower by the action of wind, insects, etc. It requires production of large number of pollen grains. Progeny shows enhanced vigor.
Offsprings are more viable and resistant. There is a possibility to get new desirable characters. Yield of crop can be maintained. It helps in evolution.
Undesirable characters of the plant can be eliminated.

Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo types of pollination cross pollination pollination and its types

Emasculation is achieved by

  1. Removal of stigma

  2. Removal of anthers

  3. Removal of sepal and petals

  4. Removal of gynoecium
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Emasculation involves the removal of anthers of a flower in order to prevent self-pollination or the undesirable pollination of neighbouring plants. After emasculation the female reproductive part of the plant should be covered to prevent unwanted fertilisation.
Thus, the correct answer is option (B), 'Removal of anthers'.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo types of pollination cross pollination pollination and its types

Removal of stamens in an inter-sexual flower before they dehisce is called as____________

  1. Protogyny

  2. Protandry

  3. Inducing male sterility

  4. Emasculation
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

  • Emasculation is the removal of anthers in a bisexual flower to prevent self-pollination. 
  • The female reproductive part is not involved in this process. It is a technique used by plant breeders to obtain the desired variety by crossing a plant with the desired pollen grain obtained by emasculation. 

Thus the correct answer is option D.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo types of pollination cross pollination pollination and its types

Main condition for a plant to perform cross pollination is 

  1. Herkogamy

  2. Dichogamy

  3. Self sterility

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Herkogamy - common strategy employed by hermaphroditic angiosperms to reduce sexual interference between male and female function. Herkogamy differs from other such strategies by supplying a spatial separation of the anthers and stigma.
Dichogamy - having pistils and stamens that mature at different times, thus promoting cross - pollination rather than self - pollination.
Self sterility - sterile to its own pollen or sperm.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo types of pollination cross pollination pollination and its types

Pollination is a characteristic of 

  1. Angiosperms

  2. Pteridophytes

  3. Bryophytes

  4. None of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Pollination is a process in which pollen is transferred to the female reproductive organs of seed plants, thereby enabling fertilization and reproduction through growth of the pollen tube and eventual release of sperm. Both gymnosperms and angiosperms undergo pollination, although the mechanism for angiosperms is much faster and more complex. A successful angiosperm pollen grain (gametophyte) containing the male gametes is transported to the stigma, where it germinates and its pollen tube grows down the style to the ovary. Pteridophytes and bryophytes pollination does not occur. 

Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo types of pollination cross pollination pollination and its types

Which of the following is the wrong match between the plant and its character for adaptation of cross pollination?

  1. Zostera - Bright coloured flowers with nectar

  2. Bougainvillea - Petaloid bracts

  3. Passion Flower - Corona

  4. Adansonia - Copious nector
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Zostera is a seagrass that undergoes hydrophily (pollination by water). These plants typically have small, inconspicuous flowers without bright colors or nectar, as they do not need to attract insects.

Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo types of pollination cross pollination pollination and its types

Transfer of pollen from one flower to stigma of another flower of same species is termed as

  1. Cross-pollination

  2. Pollination

  3. Self-pollination

  4. None of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation
  • Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of another flower by the action of wind, insects, etc. 
  • The two plants genetic material combines and the resulting seeds from that pollination will have characteristics of both varieties and is a new variety. 
  • Sometimes cross-pollinating is used intentionally in the garden to create new varieties. So option A is correct.
Multiple choice botany pollination, fertilization and development of endosperm and embryo types of pollination cross pollination pollination and its types

Statement $1$ : In pea plant, transfer of pollen grains to the stigma is easy.
Statement $2$: In cross pollinating plants, pollination does not take place.

  1. Both statements $1$ and $2$ are correct
  2. Statement $1$ is correct but statement $2$ is incorrect
  3. Statement $1$ is incorrect but statement $2$ is correct
  4. Both statements $1$ and $2$ are incorrect
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

In pea, anthers and stigma are present close to each other therefore pollination is easy while in cross pollinating plants pollination takes place with the help of an external agency.

So, the correct answer is 'statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect'