Alcohols, Ethers and Carboxylic Acids

Thromboxane is a member of the family of lipids known as eicosanoids. The two major thromboxanes are thromboxane A2 and thromboxane B2. The distinguishing feature of thromboxanes is a 6-membered ether-containing ring.

Isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) in the citric acid cycle. This reaction removes a carboxyl group (decarboxylation) and involves NAD+ reduction (oxidative). The enzyme requires Mn2+ or Mg2+ as cofactor.

Benzoyl chloride is an organochlorine compound with the formula C₆H₅COCl. It is a colourless, fuming liquid with an irritating odour. It is mainly useful for the production of peroxides but is generally useful in other areas such as in the production of dyes, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, and resins.

Cadaverine is a foul-smelling compound produced by protein hydrolysis during putrefaction of animal tissue. Cadaverine is a toxic diamine with the formula NH₂(CH₂)₅NH₂, which is similar to putrescine.

Acetic acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH₃COOH. It is a colourless liquid that when undiluted is also called glacial acetic acid. As the main component of vinegar, it has a distinctive sour taste and pungent smell.

Acetone is an organic compound with the formula (CH₃)₂CO. Acetone is miscible with water and serves as an important solvent. Familiar household uses of acetone are as the active ingredient in nail polish remover and as paint thinner.

Acetaminosalol is an organic compound with the chemical formula C₁₅H₁₃NO₄. It is an esterfication product of salicylic acid and paracetamol.

Ethyl acetate is the organic compound with the formula CH₃COOCH₂CH₃. This colourless liquid has a characteristic sweet smell (similar to pear drops) and is used in glues or nail polish removers.

Furfural is an aromatic aldehyde. Its chemical formula is OC₄H₃CHO. It is a colourless oily liquid with the odour of almonds, but upon exposure to air, samples quickly becomes yellow.

Tetraethyl lead (TEL) was historically added to gasoline as an anti-knocking agent to prevent premature fuel combustion in engine cylinders. It increases octane rating and allows smoother engine performance. Though now phased out due to environmental concerns, it was the standard anti-knock additive for decades.

Glycidol is an organic compound that contains both epoxide and alcohol functional groups. Being bifunctional it has a variety of industrial uses. The compound is a slightly viscous liquid that is slightly unstable and is not often encountered in pure form.

IBX acid or 2-iodoxybenzoic acid is an organic compound used in organic synthesis as an oxidising agent. This Periodinane is especially suited to oxidise alcohols to aldehydes.

Dioxolane is an heterocyclic acetal. It is related to tetrahydrofuran by interchange of one oxygen for a CH₂ group. The corresponding saturated 6-membered C₄O₂ rings are called dioxanes. The isomeric 1,2-dioxolane (wherein the two oxygen centers are adjacent) is an peroxide. 1,3-dioxolane is used as a solvent and as a comonomer in polyacetals.

The Monsanto process is an important method for the manufacture of acetic acid by catalytic carbonylation of methanol. This process operates at a pressure of 30-60 atm and a temperature of 150-200 °C and gives a selectivity greater than 99%.

The Monsanto process is an important method for the manufacture of acetic acid by catalytic carbonylation of methanol. This process operates at a pressure of 30-60 atm and a temperature of 150-200 °C and gives a selectivity greater than 99%.