Alcohols, Ethers and Carboxylic Acids

Freon (chlorofluorocarbon or CFC) is commonly used as a refrigerant in refrigerators and air conditioning systems due to its thermal properties. It undergoes phase changes that absorb and release heat efficiently. Alcohol and acetone are not used as refrigerants in standard refrigeration systems. The correct answer is A because Freon is the traditional refrigerant.

This option is correct because when 2-methyl,2-butanol is oxidised in the presence of acidic potassium permanganate, acetone and formic acid are formed.

Biliquid propellants use two separate liquid components (fuel and oxidizer) stored in different tanks and mixed at combustion. Alcohol (fuel) and N₂O₄ (oxidizer) fit this. Nitroglycerine and nitrocellulose form double-base solid propellants, not biliquid.

This option is correct, because Hg⁺² ion being an electrophile first complexes with the π-electrons of the triple bond and then nucleophile attack of H₂O occurs.

Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a chemical with the formula CH₃OH (often abbreviated MeOH). At room temperature, it is a polar liquid, and is used as an antifreeze, solvent, fuel, and as a denaturant for ethanol.

When calcium salts of two different carboxylic acids are heated together (dry distillation), they form a mixed ketone. Calcium acetate provides CH3CO- and calcium benzoate provides C6H5CO-, giving acetophenone (CH3-CO-C6H5). This is a ketonic synthesis reaction.

Camphor (option C) exhibits the property of sublimation - it transitions directly from solid to vapour without passing through the liquid phase. Ice melts to water before evaporating, wax melts to liquid, and ethyl alcohol evaporates from liquid. Sublimation is characteristic of certain solids like camphor, dry ice (solid CO2), and naphthalene.

Reaction of alcohol with carboxylic acid is known as esterification (option C). Esterification produces an ester and water, catalyzed by acid. This is how fragrances, flavors, and many industrially important compounds are made. Substitution replaces one group, addition adds to a double bond, and hydrogenation adds hydrogen.

The hydroxyl group (-OH) is the defining functional group of alcohols. This group consists of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, which gives alcohols their characteristic properties like solubility in water and ability to form hydrogen bonds.

Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) is the primary alcoholic component produced during fermentation in both beer and wine. Methyl alcohol is toxic and appears only in trace amounts, while formic and acetic acids are not major fermentation products.

This option is correct because when 1,7 heptanedioic acid(pimelic acid) is treated with acetic anhydride at 300^oC, it gives cyclohexanone.

This option is correct because cumene hydroperoxides is decomposed with sulphuric acid to form phenol.

This option is correct.

This option is correct because when excess of phenol is heated with formaldehydes (P/F ratio nearly 1.25) in the presence of the acid catalyst, novolak resin is formed.