Tag: zoology

• Autonomous system the part of the nervous system responsible for the control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.
• Centre of the autonomic nervous system is located in Hypothalamus and Medulla oblongata.
  
• So, the correct answer is 'Both A and B'.

The autonomous nervous system controls the heartbeat rate via the cardioregulatory centre in the medulla oblongata. The emergency conditions activate the sympathetic motor nerve and make the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine which in turn increase the heartbeat rate. On the other hand, vagus nerve conducts the parasympathetic motor impulses which in turn slow down the heartbeat rate by the effect of acetylcholine; a neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic nervous system. Glycine and dopamine are neurotransmitters of the central nervous system while the heartbeat rate is controlled by an autonomous nervous system; a division of peripheral nervous system. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

• The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which also includes the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).
• The sympathetic nervous system releases hormone called adrenaline most often termed as the fight or flight response.
•  Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone, neurotransmitter, and medication. Adrenaline is normally produced by both the adrenal glands and certain neurons. It plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, the output of the heart, pupil dilation response, and blood sugar level. Hence, the Sympathetic nervous system is stimulated by the hormone Adrenaline. 

• The nervous system is divided into two types CNS and peripheral nervous system.
• The peripheral nervous system is in turn divided into the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.
• The autonomic nervous system regulates the internal and involuntary movement.For example,respiration,cardiovascular,digestive etc.
• The autonomic(visceral) nervous system is again divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
• The enteric nervous system receives inputs from the parasympathetic and sympathetic parts of the nervous system,
  
• Sympathetic decreases the rate of digestion whereas parasympathetic increases the rate of digestion via the enteric nervous system.
• A nerve leading to the small intestine causes the rate of digestion to increase, this nerve belongs to Peripheral, Peripheral and Enteric.
  

• The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. Hence, Internal organs are regulated by the autonomic nervous system.

The parasympathetic nervous system is one of three divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Sometimes called as the rest and digest system, the parasympathetic system conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract. 

A motor neuron is a nerve cell whose body is located in the spinal cord and the fiber projects outside the spinal cord. This directly or indirectly controls the effector organs such as the muscles and glands. The motor neurons are differentiated as alpha , beta and gamma motor neurons.  A single motor neuron may innervate many muscle fibers. The somatic nervous system also known as the voluntary nervous system consists of afferent and efferent nerves that innervate the skeletal muscles. 

• The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. Hence, Heart rate, Digestion and Urination functions are influenced by the autonomic nervous system. 

The sense of smell and sight of food are governed by olfactory and optic responses which work together to initiate the neural response during the cephalic phase of digestion. Sight, smell and sense of food initiate the neural response in which central nervous system prepares the stomach to receive food. The responses include salivation and secretion of gastric juices. The ingestion of food stimulates the hormonal responses to food which includes endocrine system to ensure releases of various digestive hormones at appropriate time. Thus, tye correct answer is option B.