Tag: gene cloning

Introduction of a normal functional gene into cells, in order to replace defective or mutated gene is known as gene therapy. It is also called as gene transfer. It is done to correct genetic disorders. Biosafety is the prevention of large-scale loss of biological integrity. Biopiracy is the practice of exploiting indigenous knowledge of nature, originating with indigenous peoples without compensation to the indigenous people. Biopatent is a patent granted by the government to the inventor of biological entities.

Genetic engineering is the technique by which the genetic material of an organism is manipulated. The desired genes from any organism are isolated and are transferred into the organism where those genes are expressed and desired products are obtained. Manipulation of an organism's genome is not a simple process and involves a number of tools including restriction enzymes. 

Answer is option C i.e. "The same enzyme that cleaves the donor DNA"
In rDNA technology, the plasmid vector must be cleaved by specific restriction enzyme. Plasmid vectors are cleaved by  same enzyme that cleaves the donor DNA leading to creation of sticky ends which further helps in recombination.

Answer is option D i.e. "GMO"
GMO are genetically modified organism. GMOs are every plant, animal, or microorganism that is transformed by genetic engineering. Tools of genetic engineering are the requirements to carry in-vitro genetic engineering process, this involves the use of laboratory tools to insert, alter, or cut out pieces of foreign DNA with help of restriction enzyme and cloning them through vector in respective host cell.

The non-mutated normal form of a gene which is naturally present in population is called as wild type allele. They impart natural genotype and natural phenotypes/traits to the organisms which is not a target for genetic engineering. Defective genes are the one that code for non-working or malfunctioning polypeptide and, thus, adversely affect the organisms. These genes should be eliminated, not preserved, from genome to fix the defects caused by them. Gene therapy is the process of introduction of DNA into living human beings in order to treat disease. It is used to replace a missing gene product or to correct mutant alleles. Gene therapy is a type of genetic engineering.

• Bioprocess engineering is a type of chemical engineering, it is responsible for the development of materials that are used in biotechnology like food, chemicals, tools etc.
  
• Genetic engineering also involves chemical as well as biological engineering, This technique involves the manipulation of DNA, its constituents to make a desirable DNA.
• Maintenance of ambiance means to maintain a microbial or disease-free culture for the process of biotechnological techniques so that only the desired gene or cell is amplified (multiplication of gene to form a large number of copies).

Xanthomonas is used for bioproduction of xanthan gum which is a polysaccharide and is used as a food additive. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces Bt toxin during sporulation. The toxin bind to receptors on midgut epithelial cells of gallworm, become inserted into the plasma membrane where they form pores leading to cell death through osmotic lysis; thus serving as biopesticide. Trichoderma serve as very effective biocontrolling agent for soil borne plant disease management. It is a free-living fungus, and reduces pathogenic infections by different mechanisms like competition, antibiosis, hyphal interactions, mycoparasitism, , and enzyme secretion. Pseudomonas putida is used in bioremediation owing to its aerobic metabolism with ability to degrade organic pollutants such as toluene and to convert styrene oil to biodegradable plastic Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). Correct answer is A.