Tag: gene cloning

Questions Related to gene cloning

The first step in genetic engineering is

botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

  1. Isolation of protein

  2. Purification of protein

  3. Isolation of genetic material

  4. Isolation of RNA

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Genetic engineering, also called as genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species to produce improved or novel organisms. New DNA may be inserted in the host genome by first isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using molecular cloning methods to generate a DNA sequence, or by synthesizing the DNA, and then inserting this construct into the host organism. 

Genetic engineering is used in

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  1. Gene therapy

  2. Vaccine production

  3. Obtaining transgenic plants

  4. All of the above

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:
Genetic engineering has applications in medicine, research, industry and agriculture and can be used on a wide range of plants, animals and microorganisms. In medicine, genetic engineering has been used to mass-produce insulin, human growth hormones, human albumin, monoclonal antibodies, anti haemophilic factors, vaccines, and many other drugs. In research, organisms are genetically engineered to discover the functions of certain genes. Industrial applications include transforming microorganisms such as bacteria or yeast or insect mammalian cells with a gene coding for a useful protein. Mass quantities of the protein can be produced by growing the transformed organism in bioreactors using fermentation, then purifying the protein. Genetic engineering is also used in agriculture to create genetically-modified crops or genetically-modified organisms
So, the correct answer is 'All of the above'

Restriction enzymes are isolated chiefly from

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  1. Algae

  2. Fungi

  3. Protozoa

  4. Prokaryotes 

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Correct Option: D
Explanation:
Restriction endonucleases are enzymes, isolated chiefly from prokaryotes, that recognize specific nucleotide sequences within double stranded DNA and cleaves it at these sites. These restriction endonucleases facilitate the specific fragmentation of double stranded DNA and are very useful for DNA sequence analysis. These enzymes can be classified into three groups. Type I and type III enzymes carry a modification (methylation) and an ATP requiring restriction (cleavage) activity within the same protein. Both types of enzymes identify unmethylated sequences in substrate DNA, but type I enzymes cleave randomly, whereas type III enzymes cut DNA at specific sites. Type II restriction enzyme consist of a separate restriction endonuclease and a modification methylase. 

Various enzymes and hormones can be produced on a large scale by employing the recombinant __________ technique.

botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

  1. DNA

  2. RNA

  3. Viral

  4. Bacterial

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Recombinant DNA (or rDNA) is made by combining DNA from two or more sources. In practice, the process often involves combining the DNA of different organisms. The process depends on the ability to cut and re-join DNA molecules at points which are identified by specific sequences of nucleotide bases called restriction sites. DNA fragments are cut out of their normal position in the chromosome using restriction enzymes (also called restriction endonucleases) and then inserted into other chromosomes or DNA molecules using enzymes called ligases.

Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

The recent techniques used for separating fragments of DNA is

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  1. Northern blotting

  2. Southern blotting

  3. Eastern blotting

  4. Western blotting

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Correct Option: B
Explanation:
Southern blotting is a common technique used in molecular biology to separate and characterize DNA. Southern blotting is a technique used to determine the presence of a specific DNA sequence within a mixture via agarose gel electrophoresis. The Northern blot is a technique used in molecular biology research to study gene expression by detection of RNA (or isolated mRNA) in a sample. The Eastern blot is a biochemical technique used to analyze protein post translational modifications such as lipids, phospho-moieties and glycoconjugates. Western blotting is an adaptation of the Southern blot procedure, used to identify specific amino-acid sequences in proteins.

DNA sequence comparison is a powerful tool in studying evolution. However, there are limitations to what it can tell us about the history of life on Earth.
What is a limitation of this technology?

botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

  1. It is only possible to obtain DNA samples from extant or recently extinct species.

  2. It is possible that an organism will have genes for non-functional proteins.

  3. Mutations can occur randomly in genomes.

  4. There is greater variation in DNA sequences that in amino acid sequences.

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:
DNA sequence comparison tools like BLAST, CLUSTAL W etc are some of the powerful tools used in understanding the similarity, relatedness and other phylogenetic studies between two or more sequences at the same time. Mutations act as the limitation of DNA sequence comparison technology as they can occur randomly throughout the genome with time and hence could distort the sequence comparison results and hamper the assessment for statistical significance.
so, the correct answer is 'Mutations can occur randomly in genomes'

Which one of the following is related with genetic engineering?

botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

  1. Plasmids

  2. Mitochondria

  3. Mutations

  4. Ribosomes

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

In molecular cloning, a vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle or carrier which carries the desired gene from donor to recipient cell, where it can be replicated and/or expressed. The plasmid is extrachromosomal circular DNA which acts as vector DNA. The plasmid is the most important vector as it possesses multiple cloning sites, an origin of replication and a selectable marker.

Using recombinant DNA technology, genes from a donor cell can be inserted into a bacterium for DNA replication and protein synthesis. The kind of cells that can be used as gene donors in this technology are

botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

  1. Bacteria only

  2. Either yeast or bacteria

  3. Eukaryotic cells only

  4. Any of these

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

The production of a recombined bacterium using a gene from a foreign donor and the synthesis of a protein encoded by the recombinant DNA molecule. The genes used as a donor in recombinant DNA technology are commonly obtained from bacteria, yeast or any eukaryotic host organism. 

So, the correct option is 'Option D' .

In genetic engineering, a DNA segment (gene) of interest is transferred to the host cell through a vector. Consider the following four agents in this regard and select the correct option about which one or more of these can be used as a vector/vectors?
(i) Bacterium
(ii) Plasmid
(iii) Plasmodium
(iv) Enzyme

botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

  1. (ii) only

  2. (i) and (ii) only

  3. (i), (iii) and (iv)

  4. (iv) only

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

In molecular cloning, a vector is a DNA molecule used as a transport to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell, where it can be replicated and expressed. A vector containing foreign DNA is termed recombinant DNA. The four major types of vectors are plasmids, viral vectors, cosmids, and artificial chromosomes. Of these, the most commonly used vectors are plasmids.

Therefore, the correct answer is option A.