Tag: gene cloning
Questions Related to gene cloning
Genetic engineering has been successfuly used for producing
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Transgenic cow named Rosie which produces high fat milk for making ghee.
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Animals like bulls for farm work as they have super power.
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Transgenic mice for testing safety of polio vaccine before use in humans.
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Transgenic models for studying new treatments for certain cardiac diseases.
The first transgenic cow, Rosie was engineered for production of human protein-enriched more nutritional balanced milk (2.4 grams per litre). Rosie’s milk contains the human gene $\alpha$-lactalbumin; which makes statement A incorrect. Transgenic bull was produced for lactoferrin in their milk which has antimicrobial activity and is components of innate defence; statement B is incorrect. Animal rabbit models have been used to study pathophysiology and treatment of cardiovascular diseases which makes statement D correct. Transgenic mice for testing safety of polio vaccine before use in human; for the purpose, they are subject to GSK test which measures the safety of the vaccine; statement C is correct.
Transfer of any gene into a completely different organism can be done through
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Genetic engineering
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Tissue culture
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Transformation
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RNA interference
Plasmids are
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Viruses
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Extra-chromosomal genetic element of bacteria
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New type of microorganism
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Genetic element of bacteria
A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found in bacteria as small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules. Plasmids carry only a few genes and exist independently of chromosomes, the primary structures that contain DNA in cells. Able to self-replicate, plasmids can be picked up from the environment and transferred between bacteria. Plasmids are used by their host organism to cope with stress-related conditions.
Introduction of one or more genes into an organism which are normally not possessed by them or their deletion by using artificial means (not by breeding) comes under
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Molecular biology
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Genetic hybridisation
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Cytogenetics
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Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering is the process of manually adding new DNA to an organism. The goal is to add one or more new traits that are not already found in that organism. Examples of genetically engineered (transgenic) organisms currently on the market include plants with resistance to some insects, plants that can tolerate herbicides, and crops with modified oil content. New DNA may be inserted in the host genome by first isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using molecular cloning methods to generate a DNA sequence, or by synthesizing the DNA, and then inserting this construct into the host organism.
The first step in genetic engineering as
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Isolation of protein
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Purification of protein
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Isolation of genetic material
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Isolation of RNA
Advancement in genetic engineering has been possible due to the discovery of
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Exonucleases
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Endonucleases
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Transposons
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Oncogenes
A restriction enzyme or restriction endonuclease is an enzyme that cuts DNA at or near specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites. These enzymes are found in bacteria and archaea and provide a defense mechanism against invading viruses. Inside a prokaryote, the restriction enzymes selectively cut up foreign DNA in a process called restriction; while host DNA is protected by a modification enzyme (a methyltransferase) that modifies the prokaryotic DNA and blocks cleavage. Together, these two processes form the restriction modification system. These enzymes are routinely used for DNA modification in laboratories, and are a vital tool in molecular cloning.
The process of 'in vitro' manipulation of DNA is called as
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Tissue culture
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Genetic engineering
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Cloning
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DNA fingerprinting
Genetic engineering is possible, because
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The phenomenon of transduction in bacteria is well understood
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We can see DNA by electron microscope
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We can cut DNA at specific sites by endonucleases such as DNAase I
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Restriction endonucleases purified from bacteria can be used in vitro
A restriction enzyme or restriction endonuclease is an enzyme that cuts DNA at or near specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites. These enzymes are found in bacteria and archaea and provide a defense mechanism against invading viruses. Inside a prokaryote, the restriction enzymes selectively cut up foreign DNA in a process called restriction; while host DNA is protected by a modification enzyme (a methyltransferase) that modifies the prokaryotic DNA and blocks cleavage. Together, these two processes form the restriction-modification system. These enzymes are routinely used for DNA modification in laboratories and are a vital tool in molecular cloning.
In genetic engineering, the term vector is applied for
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Plasmids
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Active viruses
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Source of DNA
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Cell which receives DNA
In molecular cloning, a vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell, where it can be replicated and/or expressed. A vector containing foreign DNA is termed recombinant DNA. The four major types of vectors are plasmids, viral vectors, cosmids, and artificial chromosomes. Of these, the most commonly used vectors are plasmids.
The technology that is used to make desired change on gene structure is
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Genetic engineering
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Recombinant DNA technology
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Gene cloning
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All of the above
Genetic engineering, also called as genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species to produce improved or novel organisms.