Tag: commercial applications of biotechnology

DPT is a class of combination vaccines which provides protection against three infectious diseases in humans i.e., diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus. The components of the vaccine include diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and kill whole cells of the bacterium that causes pertussis. The usual course of childhood immunization in the USA is five doses between 2 months and 15 years. 

DPT-Hib vaccine is a combination vaccine which includes diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and whole-cell pertussis vaccine adsorbed with Hib (Haemophilus influenza - B) conjugate vaccine. It protects against the infectious diseases diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and Haemophilus influenza type B.

• In 1896, heat-killed phenol preserved and acetone killed lyophilized injectable whole cell S. Typhi vaccine was generated. 
• This inactivated whole-cell vaccine causes local inflammation, pain, systemic fever, malaise and disease-like symptoms.  
• Thus, the whole cell inactivated vaccine was not considered suitable for public use and in spite of being licensed it is no longer available in the market. 
• Most commonly used antibiotics for the treatment of typhoid fever are fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin and third-generation cephalosporins such as ceftriaxone or cefotaxime. 
• Hence, Typhoid is not treated by inactivated Whole Agent Vaccine.
•  So, the correct answer is 'Typhoid'.

• Antivenom injection is an antiserum (preformed antibodies) which is obtained from the snake poison and it is transferred to the person with a snake bite. It is used to provide immediate immunity in case of emergency.
• Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio). Two types are used - an inactivated poliovirus (antigen) given by injection and an attenuated poliovirus (antigen) given by mouth. The inactivated polio vaccines are very safe. Mild redness or pain may occur at the site of injection. Oral polio vaccines cause vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis.
  

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains a suspension of disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened (attenuated) or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins.  The agent stimulates the body's immune system and produces antibodies.

• Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.
•  Killed bacteria have been used since 1890 but are less effective against pneumonic plague so that recently live vaccines of an attenuated type and recombination protein vaccines have been developed to prevent the disease.
• Synthetic capsular polysaccharide vaccines are used for the treatment of pneumonia and meningitis. 
• Hence, Synthetic capsular polysaccharide material cannot be used for the preparation of vaccination against the plague. 
• So, the correct answer is 'Synthetic capsular polysaccharide material'.

Smallpox is a serious viral disorder caused by the variola virus. Variola virus is an orthopoxvirus, an enveloped DNA virus. The infection starts by exposure of the virus in the nasopharynx and characterized by fever and malaise. 

• Conjugate vaccines combine a weak antigen with a strong antigen so that the immune system has a stronger response to the weak antigen. Example: Haemophilus influenza.
•  Toxoid vaccine is made from a toxin (poison) that has been made harmless but that helps in an immune response against the toxin. They are based on the toxin produced by certain bacteria (e.g. tetanus or diphtheria). An
• The attenuated vaccine is a vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable. Example are Measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever. 
• Inactivated whole-cell vaccines are made from microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, other) that have been killed through physical or chemical processes. An example is Polio, bubonic plague, Hepatitis A.

Tetanus vaccine, also known as tetanus toxoid (TT), is an inactive vaccine used to prevent tetanus. A person likely to develop tetanus is immunised by giving pre-formed antibodies and it produces passive immunity. In passive immunity, the antibodies are produced in some other animals in response to given antigen. These pre-formed antibodies are then injected into the humans at the time of need or emergency.