Biology · General Awareness

Viral Diseases and Immunity

807 Questions

Viral diseases and immunity cover the structure, transmission, and diagnosis of viruses like HIV. Questions focus on disease pathways, immune responses, and prevention. Strong knowledge here provides an edge in biology scoring.

HIV and AIDS structureVirus transmission methodsImmune system deficiencyPathogen risk groupsMedical diagnosis methods

Viral Diseases and Immunity Questions

Multiple choice

The following can be the factors affecting the employment seeking behavior of Aids patients except ___________.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Of the 793,025 cumulative number of persons diagnosed with AIDS in the US since the initial case in June 1981, 96.9% were between the working ages of 20 to 64 years. From 1990 to 1999, the number of persons living with AIDS in the US had increased 400% to 312,804. With the advent of health enhancing protease inhibitors and highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in 1995, the longevity for persons diagnosed with AIDS was enhanced. With the increase of persons living with AIDS and the advent of HAART, there is an increase of persons living with AIDS entering or re-entering the workplace and seeking public vocational employment services.

Under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), a person living with the HIV or AIDS meeting defined criteria is protected as a person with a disa ibility. However, even with federal legislation addressing HIV/AIDS, several factors have been suggested to correla te with employment seeking behavior of PLWHAs (people with HIV/AIDS). Such factors include negative self-perceptions associated with being infected with the HIV, a limited or non-existing work history, perception of a lack of workplace environment friendly to persons living with HIV/AIDS, and the impact of work upon one's adherence to medical treatment regiments.

The attitude of public rehabilitation job placement professionals toward persons with disabilities is significantly correlated with the consumer's self-concept, personal issues related to the consumer's disability, utilization of the consumer's skills and abilities, and the rehabilitation services outcome. With increasing numbers of PLWHAs seeking employment, disability status for PLWHAs, and the lack of RSA data on the number of PLWHAs receiving public rehabilitation services, no aspect of public vocational rehabilitation services for PLWHAs demands more research than job placement. As the case rates of HIV/AIDS increase, an increase in the number of PLWHAs on public rehabilitation job placement professional's caseloads is likely.

For PLWHAs, employment has been reported as one of the most significant contributions to successfully living throughout their illness and important to their emotional well-being. Successful rehabilitation service outcomes may be enhanced through understanding the beliefs of PLWHAs toward employment. The needs of consumers of public vocational rehabilitation services demand that public rehabilitation job placement professionals provide services in an expert and proficient manner, resulting in the successful placement of the consumer into a job. A behavioral theory-based approach to understanding the employment seeking behavior of PLWHAs may provide clear and formative data, offer guidelines for identification and selection of variables on which to intervene, and provide topics for in-service training to enhance service provision. The concept of utilizing theory to address specific phenomena in the field of rehabilitation counseling has been presented as one way to further develop the empirical foundations of our field.

  1. medical History of the person

  2. self-condemnatory attitude

  3. repercussions of work pressure

  4. work place scenario

  5. success of rehabilitative techniques
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

(2) is the right choice as it is the only choice that cannot be extracted out of the passage.

Multiple choice

The author is primarily concerned with ____________________________.

Directions: Answer the question based on the following passage.

Of the 793,025 cumulative number of persons diagnosed with AIDS in the US since the initial case in June 1981, 96.9% were between the working ages of 20 to 64 years. From 1990 to 1999, the number of persons living with AIDS in the US had increased 400% to 312,804. With the advent of health enhancing protease inhibitors and highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in 1995, the longevity for persons diagnosed with AIDS was enhanced. With the increase of persons living with AIDS and the advent of HAART, there is an increase of persons living with AIDS entering or re-entering the workplace and seeking public vocational employment services.

Under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), a person living with the HIV or AIDS meeting defined criteria is protected as a person with a disa ibility. However, even with federal legislation addressing HIV/AIDS, several factors have been suggested to correla te with employment seeking behavior of PLWHAs (people with HIV/AIDS). Such factors include negative self-perceptions associated with being infected with the HIV, a limited or non-existing work history, perception of a lack of workplace environment friendly to persons living with HIV/AIDS, and the impact of work upon one's adherence to medical treatment regiments.

The attitude of public rehabilitation job placement professionals toward persons with disabilities is significantly correlated with the consumer's self-concept, personal issues related to the consumer's disability, utilization of the consumer's skills and abilities, and the rehabilitation services outcome. With increasing numbers of PLWHAs seeking employment, disability status for PLWHAs, and the lack of RSA data on the number of PLWHAs receiving public rehabilitation services, no aspect of public vocational rehabilitation services for PLWHAs demands more research than job placement. As the case rates of HIV/AIDS increase, an increase in the number of PLWHAs on public rehabilitation job placement professional's caseloads is likely.

For PLWHAs, employment has been reported as one of the most significant contributions to successfully living throughout their illness and important to their emotional well-being. Successful rehabilitation service outcomes may be enhanced through understanding the beliefs of PLWHAs toward employment. The needs of consumers of public vocational rehabilitation services demand that public rehabilitation job placement professionals provide services in an expert and proficient manner, resulting in the successful placement of the consumer into a job. A behavioral theory-based approach to understanding the employment seeking behavior of PLWHAs may provide clear and formative data, offer guidelines for identification and selection of variables on which to intervene, and provide topics for in-service training to enhance service provision. The concept of utilizing theory to address specific phenomena in the field of rehabilitation counseling has been presented as one way to further develop the empirical foundations of our field.

  1. to study the employment-seeking behavior of persons with HIV/AIDS

  2. to investigate the professional behavior HIV/AIDS With the help of current data

  3. to assess the role that rehabilitative counseling play in re-placement of the AIDS patients in the society

  4. to consolidate various approaches used to understand the job-seeking behavior of the AIDS patients
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

(1) a can be derived from: “With the increase of persons living with AIDS and the advent of HAART, there is an increase of persons living with AIDS entering or re-entering the workplace and seeking public vocational employment services.”

Multiple choice

A virus is a small infectious agent capable of replicating only inside living cells. Which of the following viruses contains a single linear double-stranded segment of DNA as its genome?

  1. Adenoviruses

  2. Epstein–Barr virus

  3. Poxviruses

  4. Parvovirus

  5. Rotavirus
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Poxviruses viruses can infect both vertebrate and invertebrate animals. The virion is exceptionally large, and carries its genome in a single, linear, double-stranded segment of DNA.

Multiple choice

Which of the following statements regarding HIV is INCORECT?

  1. HIV is a complex RNA virus.

  2. The lipid bilayer is studded with a number of host-cell lipids and proteins.

  3. HIV has a characteristic dense, cone-shaped nucleocapsid.

  4. HIV has genes whose products contribute to the complex regulation and replication of the virus.

  5. RNase H, integrase and protease are the major HIV enzymes.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

The lipid bilayer of HIV is  studded with a number of host-cell proteins only during the budding process.

Multiple choice

Viral neuraminidase is a type of neuraminidase found on the surface of influenza viruses. Which of the following can be excluded from the functions of neuraminidase?

  1. It allows virus to permeate mucin of the host cell.

  2. It destroys the haemagglutinin receptors in a host cell.

  3. Viral neuraminidase cleaves terminal neuraminic acid on the surface of the infected cell.

  4. It interacts with cell-membrane receptors containing N-acetylneuraminic acid.

  5. It prevents self-aggregation of virions.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

The haemagglutinin interacts with cell-membrane receptors containing N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid).

Multiple choice

Which of the following statements regarding the phathogenesis of influenza viruses is INCORRECT?

  1. Incubation period varies from 1-4 days.

  2. Release of IFN from infected cells protect both adjacent and distal cells.

  3. Cell damage leads to the attraction of phagocytes.

  4. The ciliated cells of respiratory tract are main cites of infection.

  5. Viral NA increases the viscosity of the mucous film.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Viral NA lowers the viscosity of the mucous film, promoting the spread of virus containing fluid to lower portions of the tract.

Multiple choice

Which of the following statements is correct regarding cytotoxic T-cells?

  1. These cells are usually CD4.

  2. They recognise native viral antigen.

  3. They are more readily produced by a dead virus rather than a live virus.

  4. They kill viruses directly.

  5. They restrict viral replication.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
E Correct answer
Explanation

The infection of a virally-infected cell prevents the virus from utilising that cell for replication.

Multiple choice

Viral antigen shift involves which of the following changes?

  1. Single point mutation.

  2. Random point mutations.

  3. Interchange of large segments of the viral genome with other viruses.

  4. Rearrangement of the viral structural architecture.

  5. Regression to an earlier variant.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

The ability to interchange large segments of the genome with a viral reservoir in other animal species is the basis of antigenic shift leading to radical change in antigen, particularly crucial antigens giving protective immunity such as the viral hemagglutinin.

Multiple choice

The HIV nef protein affects antigen presentation by which of the following?

  1. Causing MHC class I endocytosis.

  2. Containing glycine-alanine repeats, which inhibit proteasome-mediated processing of the virus.

  3. Preventing peptide binding to TAP.

  4. Preventing peptide transport through the TAP pore.

  5. Competing for peptide binding to the MHC class I heavy chain.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

It thereby prevents effective presentation of antigen peptides to the T-cell receptor.

Multiple choice

Viruses exhibit:

  1. Absolute parasitism

  2. Binary fission

  3. Chain reaction

  4. Isomerisation

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, meaning they require a living host cell to replicate, which is described as absolute parasitism.

Multiple choice

Cellular immunity does not play much role in:

  1. Tuberculosis

  2. AIDS

  3. Malaria

  4. Leprosy

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Cellular immunity (T-cell mediated) is crucial for intracellular pathogens like bacteria (Tuberculosis, Leprosy) and viruses (AIDS). Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite where humoral immunity (antibodies) plays a more significant role in the initial response to the blood-stage infection.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is the coreceptor for HIV?

  1. RANTES

  2. CD8

  3. CD54

  4. CR5

  5. CXCR4
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
E Correct answer
Explanation

CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor, which HIV utilizes as a coreceptor for entry into naive CD4+ T-cells and mature dendritic cells. Another chemokine receptor, CCR5 is used particularly for entry of HIV into immature dendritic cells, macrophages and activated effector or memory CD4+ T-cells.