Research Methodology

Statistics does not analyse qualitative phenomenon, statistical methods deal with those objects which can be measured in quantitative terms. Qualitative phenomenons such as beauty, goodwill etc cant be captured by statistics.

Descriptive statistics is the branch concerned with collecting, organizing, summarizing, and presenting data.

Option D is correct. Preciseness and definiteness do not feature in process of data collection and analysis, rather it is an innate quality that is likely to be ensured at each stage of the data collection and refinement process. 

Action research is a method of scientific inquiry into the circumstances necessitating change and the action that may be taken thereon. Action research helps to improve the methods or approaches. Kurt Lewin coined the term 'action research'. It seeks transformative change through the simultaneous process of taking action and doing research.

In government organizations, performance appraisal is often formalized through a 'Confidential Report' system, which documents an employee's performance and conduct over a period.

Interview is the process in which the candidates are assessed by the employers personally. It is a form of discussion between the candidate and the employer, here information passes directly from the candidate to the interviewer. This tests the confidence level, way of presenting themselves and handling questions. It also tests the knowledge and skill of the candidate regarding the job and work.

Marketing research employs various methodologies to collect data, including observation, interviews, and controlled experiments, to gain insights into consumer behavior.

Market research is the systematic process of gathering, recording, and analyzing data about customers, competitors, and the market to inform business decisions.

A research paper that presents original empirical findings, experiments, or direct observations is considered a primary source of data. Secondary sources analyze, interpret, or summarize primary data.

The three main types of marketing research designs are exploratory research (to gather preliminary information), descriptive research (to describe market characteristics), and causal research (to test hypotheses about cause-and-effect relationships).

Primary research consists of data collected directly by the researcher for a specific research purpose. This is in contrast to secondary research, which involves using existing data collected by others.

Repeating experiments multiple times helps ensure that the results are consistent and reliable, rather than being the result of a random fluke. This replication is a key part of validating scientific findings.

Conducting multiple trials helps reduce the impact of random errors and anomalous results, making the overall data more reliable. Changing variables or procedures mid-experiment would invalidate the test.

The scientific method is a general framework for inquiry used across all sciences, including social sciences. While social sciences have specific techniques (like qualitative or comparative methods), they still operate within the broader scientific method.

Naturalistic observation, case studies, and surveys are standard psychological research methods. Carbon dating is a scientific method used to determine the age of organic materials, not a psychological research method.