Plant Reproduction and Germination

After fertilization, zygote is formed which develops embryo, which forms the future plant. The endosperm cells serve as a source of nutrition for the developing embryo. The ovule becomes the seed. The ovary becomes the fruit. In most of the plants the antipodals and synergids disintegrate before, during or immediately after fertilization. The outer and inner integuments of the ovule become the testa or the seed coat of the seed.  Petals and sepals fall off. 
Thus, the correct answer is option (A), 'Seed.'

Germination is the process by which a plant grows from a seed. A series of changes in the reproductive biology among the heterosporous plants led to the evolution of seed plants. In seed plants, the megaspore is retained in the megasporangium and the microspore is taken to a pollen chamber at the tip of this organ. The development and fertilization of gametophyte occur within a protected environment. A pattern that showcases evolution of seed is found among the vascular plants. In homosporous vascular plants (plants that produce only one type of spore) have exosporic gametophytesthat is, the gametophyte develops outside of the spore wall. In addition, these exosporic gametophytes are normally bisexual (produce both sperm and eggs). In heterosporous vascular plants (presence of both microspores and megaspores), development of gametophyte is endoscopic and gametophytes are unisex, producing either sperm or eggs.
Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

Removal of weed (or weeding) is done before weeds flower because if they flower they will also produce seeds and finally result in the dispersal of the seeds which makes it difficult to control the weeds because each seed will produce a new weed plant.

Saprophytes are organisms that can't make their own food. In order to survive, they feed on dead and decaying matter. Fungi and a few species of bacteria are saprophytes. They grow tubular structures, or hyphae, which are filaments that grow and branch into the dead matter, produce digestive enzymes and digest away the dead organism. In order for a saprotrophic organism to facilitate optimal growth and repair, favourable conditions and nutrients must be present.[4] Optimal conditions refer to several conditions which optimize the growth of saprotrophic organisms, such as;

• Presence of water: 80–90% of the fungi is composed of water by mass, and requires excess water for absorption due to the evaporation of internally retent water.
• In terms of nitrogen-rich sources, saprotrophs require combined protein for the creation of proteins, which is facilitated by the absorption of amino acids, and usually taken from the rich soil.
•  Fungi, bread mould, some protists, and many bacteria are saprophytic in nutrition.

Bananas are seedless because they are all sterile. They are produced due to asexual reproduction. They reproduce from rhizome or bulb and not from seeds.

The formation of fruits without fertilization is called parthenocarpy. Such fruits are either seedless or non-viable seeds. Parthenocarpy is of two types- 

Parthenocarpy  is the natural or artificially induced production of fruit without fertilization of ovules, which makes the fruit seedless. Stenospermocarpy may also produce apparently seedless fruit, but the seeds are actually aborted while they are still small. Parthenocarpy (or stenospermocarpy) occasionally occurs as a mutation in nature; if it affects every flower the plant can no longer sexually reproduce but might be able to propagate by apomixis or by vegetative means. In some plants, pollination or another stimulation is required for parthenocarpy, termed stimulative parthenocarpy. Plants that do not require pollination or other stimulation to produce parthenocarpic fruit have vegetative parthenocarpy. Seedless cucumbers are an example of vegetative parthenocarpy, seedless watermelon is an example of stenospermocarpy.

Pathenocarpy is the development of fruit without fertilization. It helps in the production of seedless fruits. Examples include Vitis, grapes and so on.

In angiosperms, fruits represent ripened ovary of the flower. Fruit formation starts after fertilisation. However, sometimes fruit formation can be carried out without fertilization. Such, fruits are called as parthenocarpic fruits. They are seedless and lack embryo because no fertilization has occurred. Phytohormone auxins promote parthenocarpy. They have been used to induce parthenocarpy in tomatoes.

The answer is D- seedless without fertilization

Simple fruits are from a single flower with one pistil. Aggregate fruits are from a single flower with many pistils. Multiple fruits are from many florets. In the inflorescence, fruitlets fuse together into one, bigger fleshy fruit.

Parthenocarpic fruit matures to be fleshy without the ovules ripening into seeds. The process of producing fruits without the fertilization of any seeds, which makes them seedless, is termed parthenocarpy. Thus answer is Parthenocarpic.

The correct option is D.   

HYV stands for High yield variety ..seeds.

Bryophytes are the cryptogamae, which do not bear flowers and seeds. They are non-vascular land plants of moist habitat, in which diploid sporophyte lives as a parasite on independent haploid gametophyte. 
Pteridophytes are vascular cryptogams due to the presence of vascular tissues in the plant body.
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms are Phanerogams, which possess flowers and seeds.