Plant Biology and Classification

In bryophytes like Funaria, the gametophyte is the dominant, independent, and photosynthetic phase. The sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte for nutrition.

Ferns and moss are both examples of 'primitive plants'. They have not developed all the specialised systems, that modern plants have, although ferns are more highly developed, than mosses. In mosses, sporophytes lack chlorophyll and depend on photosynthetic gametophyte for food, whereas, in ferns, sporophyte stage has true roots, stem and leaves and does not depend on gametophyte.

Funaria (bryophyte), Dryopteris (pteridophyte), and Ginkgo (gymnosperm) all produce archegonia as their female reproductive organ. They differ significantly in vascular tissue and the independence of their sporophyte/gametophyte generations.

Bamboo can be monocarpic or polycarpic whereas Strobilanthes kunthiana is a monocarpic plant. The juvenile phase of bamboo can vary from 3-120 years and the juvenile phase of Strobilanthes kunthiana can vary from 8-16 years.

Smallest angiosperm is Wolffia microscopici, while Rafflesia arnoldii is the parasitic plant with the world's largest flower.

Zoster marina, also called as 'seawrack' is a marine angiosperm because it lives in aquatic environments mainly marine in nature. It is rarely exposed to air. it anchors via its rhizomes into the sand bed. But it requires sunlight to grow, thus have long leaves. 

Hydrilla andVallisneria are angiospermic hydrophytes because they are flowering plants which have adapted to living in aquatic environments. They are also referred to as macrophytes.

Archegonia are multicellular organs found during the gametophytic phase of the plants and contains ovum. With a  long neck canal or venter and a swollen base these are either found on the surface of the plant or are embedded. However, in case of Angiosperms, there is no archegonia and the megagametophyte is reduced to just a few cells, one of which differentiates into the egg cell are contained in the ovule and enclosed in the megasporophyll or carpel.

Angiosperms have the greatest power of adaptation due to their diverse reproductive strategies, efficient vascular systems, and ability to thrive in varied terrestrial habitats. They are the most dominant and diverse group of plants on Earth.

Maple trees, apple trees, orchids, and palms are all flowering plants, which classifies them as angiosperms.

Arceuthobium is the smallest angiospermic parasite. It is total parasite that grows on a number of forest trees including pinus and Juniper

Angiosperms are defined as vascular plants that produce seeds enclosed within a fruit (flowering plants).

Secondary growth is characteristic of dicotyledonous angiosperms and gymnosperms. Riccia, Funaria, and Selaginella do not exhibit secondary growth.