Organic Chemistry Fundamentals

$N(SiH _3) _3$ is planar due to back bonding and $N(CH _3) _3$ more basic due to presence of lone pair electrons.

I2Cl6 exists as a dimer of ICl3. The structure is planar with two bridging chlorine atoms and two iodine atoms, where all six atoms (two iodine and four chlorine atoms) lie in the same plane.

The law of multiple proportions say that if two elementsform more than one compounds between them, then the ratios of the masses of the second element which combine with a fixed mass of the first element will be ratios of small whole numbers. In $SnCl _2$ and $SnCl _4$, the ratio of the weight of Cl reacting with a constant weight of Sn is 2:1.

Ethane (C2H6) and benzene (C6H6) are both hydrocarbons (composed of carbon and hydrogen). While they are not the most standard example, they illustrate the law of multiple proportions as they are different compounds formed by the same two elements.

Law of Multiple proportions states that if two elements form more than one compound between them, then the ratios of masses of second element which combine with a fixed mass of first element ratios of small whole numbers.

Monochlorination of 2-methylbutane can occur at four different carbon positions. The products formed at the chiral center (C2) result in a pair of enantiomers. The other positions do not create new chiral centers in this specific molecule, resulting in 2 enantiomeric pairs total.

Kerosene is a mixture of hydrocarbons. The chemical composition depends on its source of isolation, usually, it consists of about 10 different hydrocarbons, each containing 11 to 16 carbon atoms per molecule. 

The main constituents are saturated straight-chain and branched-chain hydrocarbons which are also called as paraffin, as well as ring-shaped cycloparaffins which are also known as naphthenes. Kerosene is less volatile liquid than gasoline.

The production of higher molecular weight branched chain paraffins having valuable antiknock properties and, therefore, suitable for use in aviation fuels is of considerable importance in the petroleum industry.

• Petroleum is a very complex mixture of hydrocarbons-compounds that consist of carbon and hydrogen only. Small amounts of other organic compounds containing oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other elements are also present.
  
• Petroleum is a mixture of a very large number of different hydrocarbons; the most commonly found molecules are alkanes (paraffin), cycloalkanes (naphthenes), aromatic hydrocarbons, or more complicated chemicals like asphaltenes.
  
• This mixture of hydrocarbons generally has 5 to 9 carbon atoms.
• Hence option B is a correct answer.

Gasoline is a refined product of petroleum and is comprised mainly of hydrocarbons, ranging from those conatining 7 carbon atoms  to those containing 9 carbon atoms. 

Carbon combines with oxygen in $1:1$ ratio to form carbon monoxide and $1:2$ ratio to form carbon dioxide.

$\underset{\displaystyle chloroform}{CHCl _3}\overset{\displaystyle 6[H]; Zn/H _2O}{\underset{\underset {\displaystyle -ZnCl _2}{-HCl}}{\displaystyle \rightarrow}}\underset{\displaystyle methane}{CH _4}$.
Chloroform on reduction with Zn and HCl gives dichloromethane $(CH _2Cl _2)$.

A Lindlar catalyst is a heterogeneous catalyst which  consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate which is then poisoned with various forms of lead or sulphur not with $BaSO _4$ and quiniline. It is used for the hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes.

 $CaNCN$ or $CaCN _2$ is the molecular formula of calcium cyanamide. 

Cycloalkanes are isomeric with alkenes because they have the same general formula CnH2n but possessing different structures, shows ring chain isomerism. Example- cyclohexane $(C _6H _12)$ and hexene $(C _6H _12)$ are ring chain isomers.