Modern Indian Historical Figures

Shivaji Maharaj divided his kingdom into provinces (prants), and each province was administered by a high-ranking official often referred to as a Viceroy or Subedar.

The Ashtapradhan was the council of eight ministers that assisted Shivaji Maharaj in the administration of his kingdom.

The Treaty of Purandar and the subsequent visit to Agra were orchestrated by Mirza Raja Jai Singh, who represented the Mughal interests.

Following the Treaty of Purandar, Jai Singh persuaded Shivaji to join him in a campaign against the Adilshahi Sultanate of Bijapur.

The first dismissal of a Governor was in October 1980, when Tamil Nadu Governor Prabhudas Patwari was dismissed by the President during the rule of the Indira Gandhi government. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi did not give Patwari, known as a Gandhian in the Raj Bhavan, the option to resign. The dismissal of Patwari without any valid reason was an instance of political abuse of Article 156(1) of the Constitution, which states that a Governor "shall hold office during the pleasure of the President".

Murarbaji Deshpande was the brave commander who defended the fort of Purandar against the Mughal forces led by Diler Khan. He fought valiantly until his death.

Hiroji Farjand and Madari Meheter were the two loyal individuals who helped Shivaji Maharaj escape from his house arrest in Agra by staying in his place.

Jiva Mahala was the bodyguard of Shivaji Maharaj who killed Bada Sayyad, Afzal Khan's bodyguard, when he attacked Shivaji during the meeting.

The last Nizam who gave away Hyderabad state to the Indian republic was Mir Osman Ali Khan. The rule ended on 17 September 1948 after police action led by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and major J.N.Chaudary.

Raja Hari Singh was the ruler of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir at the time of India's independence in 1947.

Notable economists during colonial peiod who estimated India's per capita income are Dadabhai Naoroji, William Digby, Findlay Shirarras, V.K.R.V Rao and R.C. Desai.

An expert committee under the Chairmanship of Sir Otto Niemeyer was appointed in 1936 to inquire into the financial position of the Provinces, the special assistance required by each and the time and mode of distributing the provincial share of income tax and proceeds of the export duty on jute.

Sir Niemeyer recommended that assistance should be given to the provin­ces in three-ways:

(a) The outstanding debts incurred before 1935 by Bengal, Bihar, Assam, the N.W.F.P. and Orissa plus approximately Rs. 2 crores of pre-1921 debt in the case of Central provinces should be cancelled.

(b) Appreciating that the jute growing provinces stood in special need of financial assistance, it recommended distribution of a further 12.5% of the Export duty on jute, thus making a total of 52.5% to the jute growing provinces.

(c) Such provinces as might be in need of assistance should be given grants- in-aid to balance their budgets. It was expected to provide “in-built flexibility.”

As regards the distribution of the proceeds of Income Tax between the Centre and the provinces, it recommended that provinces and the federated states should get 50% of the proceeds of the tax; the share of each province to be fixed partly on the basis of population and partly on the basis of the residence of the assessees.

Bhai Bal Mukund was one of the revolutionaries sentenced to death for his involvement in the Delhi-Lahore conspiracy case, also known as the Hardinge Bomb Case.

The annexation of Oudh in 1856 by Lord Dalhousie is widely regarded as a major political blunder, as it alienated the local nobility and soldiers, contributing significantly to the 1857 revolt.