Modern Indian Historical Figures

Jatin Das died after a 63-day hunger strike in 1929 during Lord Irwin's viceroyalty (1926-1931). He was protesting the inhumane treatment of political prisoners and demanding jail reforms. His death became a powerful symbol of revolutionary sacrifice and galvanized public opinion against colonial repression.

Correct answer is (1). 

Macaulayism is the conscious policy of liquidating indigenous culture through the planned substitution of the alien culture of a colonizing power via the education system. The term is derived from the name of British politician, Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800-1859), an individual who was instrumental in the introduction of English as the medium of instruction in the higher education of India.

Correct answer is (4).

Viceroy Linlithgow declared India at war with Germany on September 3, 1939.^[1] The Indian National Congress, the dominant political party of the time, objected strongly to the declaration of war without prior consultation with Indians. 

Lord Lytton (not Linlithgow) passed the Vernacular Press Act in 1878 to suppress Indian-language newspapers. This mismatch makes option B incorrect. Lord Linlithgow was Viceroy much later (1936-1943) during World War II. The Vernacular Press Act was a controversial measure that targeted vernacular media critical of British policies.

Lord Reading served as Viceroy of India from 1921-1926. The Prince of Wales (later King Edward VIII) visited India in 1921, shortly after Reading's tenure began. Lord Irwin (1926-1931) and Lord Chelmsford (1916-1921) were Viceroy during different periods, while Lord Hardinge's tenure ended in 1916.

The Government of India Act 1935 was enforced in the provinces in April 1937. Lord Linlithgow was Viceroy from 1936-1943, so he was in office when the Act came into effect. Lord Wavell became Viceroy in 1943, Lord Mountbatten in 1947, and Lord Irwin's tenure ended in 1931.

The first Subsidiary Alliance Treaty was signed in 1798 between Lord Wellesley and Nizam Ali Khan (Asaf Jah II), the ruler of Hyderabad. This treaty required the Nizam to maintain British troops and disband his own army, effectively making Hyderabad a British protectorate. Sikandar Jah ruled later (1803-1829), while Muzzafar Jang and Salabath Jang were from different periods.

Correct answer is (4). 

The Indian Coinage and Paper Currency Act of 1899 was passed during Lord Curzon's tenure (1899-1905). This act established the gold standard for Indian currency, replacing the silver standard and linking the rupee to gold.

The period of Lord Irwin's rule as the Indian Viceroy was regarded as a phase of great political turmoil in the country. He witnessed several important events which included the Simon Commission report, Nehru report, All Parties' Conference, Jinnah's 14 points and Civil Disobedience Movement.

Lord Lytton (1876-1880) organized the Grand Delhi Durbar in 1877 to proclaim Queen Victoria as 'Kaiser-i-Hind' (Empress of India). This elaborate ceremony was held despite the famine raging in India at the time, showing colonial priorities.

The office of the governor general was changed to viceroys in 1876 and they became the direct representatives of the British Crown. Lord Irwin or Lord Edward Frederick Wood Irwin was appointed as the Indian Viceroy in April 1926 and was in office till 1931. 

The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878 under the Governor Generalship and Viceroyalty of Lord Lytton, for 'better control' of Indian language newspapers. The purpose of the act was to control the printing and circulation of seditious material, calculated to produce disaffection, which was already present against the British Government in India in the minds of the masses.