Judiciary and Legal Systems

Under Article 125(2) of the Constitution, the salaries and allowances of High Court judges are charged to the Consolidated Fund of India. This centralized charging ensures financial independence of the judiciary and uniformity across states, preventing state legislatures from influencing judges through financial control.

A magistrate is a judicial officer who administers the law, particularly in lower courts handling minor offenses. A 'Justice of the Peace' is a specific type of magistrate who presides over minor legal matters and civil ceremonies. Options like 'meanwhile' or 'degree' don't relate to judicial roles.

The Supreme Court of India originally had a sanctioned strength of 26 judges including the Chief Justice. This was the authorized strength for many years before subsequent amendments increased it first to 31 and then to 34. Option A (25) is incorrect as it falls below the actual sanctioned strength.

Option D is correct. Section 57 of the Evidence Act requires courts to take judicial notice (accept without proof) of facts that are matters of general public knowledge. Both option A (Gazetted Holidays observed by Government of India) and option B (rules of road) are matters of common public knowledge that every court is presumed to know without formal evidence. Section 57(f) covers matters of general public knowledge, and Section 57(g) covers official notifications. Both fall within judicial notice.

Article 145(3) of the Constitution mandates that no judgment shall be delivered by the Supreme Court except in open Court. This ensures transparency and public confidence in judicial proceedings. Option A is incorrect because the Chief Justice cannot unilaterally decide sitting places; it requires Presidential approval. Option C is wrong because only Parliament can enlarge Supreme Court's jurisdiction (Article 138). Option D is incorrect because Article 144 applies to ALL authorities, not just those in aid of Supreme Court.

Under Article 202(3)(d) of the Indian Constitution, the salaries and allowances of High Court judges are charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State (not the Consolidated Fund of India). This means these expenditures are not subject to annual voting by the state legislature and are mandatorily payable.

to transfer the proceedings of a lower court to a higher court

Indian judicial review follows the 'procedure established by law' doctrine (Article 21), meaning laws must follow proper legal procedures but can be unjust if the procedure is correct. The American 'due process of law' doctrine allows courts to examine the fairness and justice of the law itself. The 'rule of law' concept is broader. India explicitly rejected the due process model in the Constituent Assembly debates to avoid judicial overreach.

A kangaroo court is an unofficial, illegitimate court that disregards recognized standards of law and justice. These courts are typically set up by groups (like fraternities, prison inmates, or vigilante organizations) and often result in biased judgments because they bypass proper legal procedures and due process.

The writ of Mandamus is issued by the Supreme Court to a public authority when it goes against the constitution or when it fails to perform a public duty. This writ is just like a wake up call given by the court to the concerned authority to perform a public duty. 

The Supreme Court's exclusive original jurisdiction extends to any dispute between the Government of India and one or more states, or between the Government of India and any state or states on one side and one or more states on the other, or between two or more states, if and in so far as the dispute involves any question whether of law or of fact on which the existence or extent of a legal right depends.

Judicial Murder is death caused by a court sentence held to be legal but unjust. 

Under section 16 of the Advocates Act, 1961, there shall be two classes of advocates namely senior advocates and other advocates.

A retired judge of a High Court cannot practise in any High Court or Subordinate Court. However, he can practise in the Supreme Court.