Indian Polity and Governance

Article 74(1) of the Indian Constitution explicitly states that there shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President, who shall act in accordance with such advice. This makes the President the constitutional head while the Prime Minister is the real executive head.

Article 159 of the Indian Constitution mandates that the Governor's oath is administered by the Chief Justice of the concerned State High Court, and in their absence, the senior-most available High Court judge. The President administers oath to the Prime Minister and Union Ministers. The Chief Justice of India and Chief Minister have no role in this constitutional process.

Article 368 of the Indian Constitution vests the power to amend in Parliament. The President only gives formal assent, while the Prime Minister and Chief Justice have no constitutional amendment powers.

When both houses of Parliament meet in a joint session, the Speaker of Lok Sabha presides over the proceedings. This happens for special cases like electing the President or addressing deadlocks on bills. The Speaker maintains order and conducts the business of the joint sitting.

A State Governor does not appoint Judges of the High Court - they are appointed by the President of India in consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the Governor of the concerned state. The Governor appoints the Chief Minister, Advocate General, and Chairman of the State Public Service Commission, but High Court Judges are beyond the Governor's constitutional authority.

According to Article 143 (Power of the President to consult the Supreme Court), the Supreme Court of India tenders advice to the President of India on matters of law or fact if he seeks such an advice. 

The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Parliament; the Prime minister shall communicate to the President about the proposals for legislation, but the union. If a President were to dismiss the Council of Ministers on his or her own initiative, it might trigger a constitutional crisis. Thus, in practice, the Council of Ministers cannot be dismissed as long as it commands the support of a majority in the Lok Sabha.

Under Article 75(2) of the Indian Constitution, ministers hold office during the pleasure of the President. This means the President can dismiss a minister at any time on the advice of the Prime Minister. This is part of the parliamentary system where the council of ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.

Under Article 80(3) of the Indian Constitution, the President can nominate up to 12 members to the Rajya Sabha. These nominated members are chosen for their expertise in fields like literature, science, art, and social service, allowing distinguished specialists to contribute to parliamentary deliberations beyond party politics. The nominations ensure representation of talent not necessarily elected through the normal process.

Creation of new All - India Service comes under the exclusive power of the Council of States.

The President of India enjoys emergency powers of three types.

The President nominates 12 members to the Rajya Sabha from persons distinguished in fields such as art, literature, science, and social service. These members bring expertise from their respective domains to the Upper House.

The Vice President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha under Article 64. This means the Vice President presides over Rajya Sabha sessions by virtue of their office. The Vice President can only vote in case of a tie, not otherwise.

Under Article 78, every decision of the Cabinet is communicated to the President in the name of the Prime Minister. However, executive actions are taken in the name of the President. The question phrasing is slightly ambiguous but refers to the constitutional principle that the President acts on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers.