Indian Polity and Governance

Under Article 123, the President has the power to promulgate ordinances during the recess of Parliament. An ordinance has the same force as an Act of Parliament but must be approved by Parliament within 6 weeks of reassembly. This power is exercised on the advice of the Council of Ministers.

Under Article 56(1), the President can resign by writing under their hand addressed to the Vice President of India. This provision ensures a proper constitutional mechanism for the President's resignation. The resignation takes effect from the date it is received by the Vice President.

Under Article 75, the Prime Minister is appointed by the President of India. The President appoints the leader of the majority party or coalition in the Lok Sabha as Prime Minister. Other Ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.

The Governor is the constitutional head of a state in India, analogous to the President at the union level. The Governor acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, similar to how the President acts on the advice of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.

The Governor of a state is appointed by the President of India under Article 155 of the Constitution. This appointment is made on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Union Council of Ministers, maintaining the federal structure.

The Prime Minister presides over the meetings of the Council of Ministers as the head of the government. The PM sets the agenda, guides discussions, and ensures coordination among different ministries, making the cabinet function as a cohesive team.

The Speaker of Lok Sabha presides over joint sittings of both Houses under Article 118 of the Constitution. Joint sittings are called to resolve deadlocks between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha on ordinary bills, and only the Speaker (not the President or Vice President) can preside.

The Prime Minister is the chief spokesman of the government in Parliament. The PM answers questions, makes statements, clarifies policies, and defends government decisions in both Houses, serving as the primary channel of communication between the government and Parliament.

Article 53 of the Constitution vests executive powers of the Union in the President, who exercises these powers on the advice of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers. This creates the constitutional framework where the President is the formal executive while the PM is the real executive.

The Prime Minister is the head of the government, as opposed to the President who is the head of the state. The PM leads the executive branch, forms the government, and is responsible for all policy decisions and administration.

Ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. While the Constitution says the President appoints ministers, in practice, the President acts on the PM's recommendation - the PM selects who will be in the Cabinet.

Under Article 56(1) of the Constitution, the President submits his resignation to the Vice-President of India. This provision ensures a clear constitutional process for the highest office. The Vice-President then forwards it to the Speaker of Lok Sabha, who communicates it to both Houses of Parliament.

The Speaker of Lok Sabha and the Chairman of Rajya Sabha have the authority to adjourn their respective houses. This power is derived from Article 108(4) of the Constitution and the rules of procedure and conduct of business in each house. The President does not directly adjourn the houses - that power rests with the presiding officers.

Under Article 108 of the Constitution, the President has the authority to call a joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament to resolve deadlocks on ordinary bills. This power is exercised when a bill passed by one house is rejected by the other, or when amendments are not agreed upon, or when more than six months elapse without the bill being passed by the other house.

The registry of the Supreme Court is headed by the secretary-general who is assisted in his work by seven registrars, and twenty-one additional registrars. Article 146 of the Constitution deals with the appointments of officers and servants of the Supreme Court registry.