Indian and Sri Lankan Languages

The language of the Indus Valley Civilization remains undeciphered and unknown. While various scholars have proposed Proto-Dravidian, Proto-Munda, or other language families, none of these theories have been conclusively proven due to the limited corpus of inscriptions and lack of a bilingual text. The script remains one of the world's great undeciphered writing systems.

Malayalam, spoken primarily in Kerala, is a Dravidian language. Bhojpuri, Dogri, and Oriya (Odia) are Indo-Aryan languages from different branches of the Indo-European language family.

Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam are the four major Dravidian languages spoken primarily in southern India. Option B lists Indo-Aryan languages, C lists languages from multiple families including Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman, and D lists Indo-Aryan languages except Manipuri.

Andhra Patrika is a Telugu-language newspaper published in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh (and Telangana). Telugu is the primary language of the Andhra region, while Hindi, Gujarati, and English are languages from other regions.

2 and 3 only

The Aryans developed Sanskrit, which became the classical language of ancient India and the foundation for many Indian languages. Sanskrit literature includes the Vedas, Upanishads, and great epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana. Pali was used by Buddhists, Farsi is Persian, and 'Arya' was a self-designation not a language.

The Vijayanagar Empire promoted Tamil, Telugu, and Sanskrit as the primary languages of culture and administration. The empire covered much of South India including present-day Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. Telugu and Tamil literature flourished under Vijayanagar patronage, along with Sanskrit scholarship. Hindi and Marathi were not prominent in this southern empire.

Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam are major Dravidian languages spoken primarily in South India. The Dravidian language family is distinct from the Indo-Aryan (Indo-European) languages predominant in North India. Dravidian languages are among the oldest surviving language families in the world, with Tamil having a continuous literary tradition spanning 2000+ years.

Tamil is considered the oldest surviving Dravidian language, with a literary tradition spanning over 2,000 years. The Sangam literature (c. 300 BCE - 300 CE) represents one of the earliest bodies of work in any Indian language. Kannada, Malayalam, and Telugu evolved later but all belong to the same Dravidian language family.

Hyderabad, the capital of Telangana, has both Telugu and Urdu as its official state languages. This reflects the city's rich cultural heritage and linguistic diversity.

Chennai is the capital of Tamil Nadu state, where Tamil is the official language. Tamil is one of India's classical languages and has the oldest continuous literary tradition among Dravidian languages. The options list neighboring states' languages - Malayalam (Kerala), Kannada (Karnataka), Telugu (Andhra/Telangana).

Malayalam is the official and most widely spoken language of Kerala, spoken by over 96% of the population. It is a Dravidian language with a rich literary tradition. Konkani is spoken in Goa, Tamil in Tamil Nadu, and 'Kerali' is not a recognized language.

Kannada is spoken in Karnataka as Malayalam in Kerala.

Malayalam is the principal and official language of the Indian state of Kerala and the union territory of Lakshadweep. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and belongs to the Dravidian language family.

Amrita Pritam was a prominent Indian writer and poet who primarily wrote in Punjabi. She is celebrated for her work on the Partition of India.