Indian Independence Movement

The Forward Bloc was formed by Subhash Chandra Bose in 1939 after his resignation from the Indian National Congress presidency due to ideological differences with Gandhi. It aimed to unite all leftist forces against British rule. C.R. Das, Tilak, and Gokhale were prominent leaders but not associated with founding the Forward Bloc.

Chandra Shekhar Azad was never hanged. On February 27, 1931, when surrounded by police at Alfred Park in Allahabad, he chose to shoot himself with his last bullet rather than be captured. The other freedom fighters mentioned (Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Ashfaqullah Khan) were indeed hanged by the British.

The Azad Hind Fauz (Indian National Army) was organized by Subhash Chandra Bose in 1943 with Japanese support. He gave the famous slogan 'Give me blood, and I will give you freedom!' and led the army in battles against British forces in Northeast India.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly, which was responsible for drafting the Constitution of India. He is rightly called the 'Father of the Indian Constitution' for his pivotal role in shaping it.

Jawaharlal Nehru served as the first Chairman of the Planning Commission, which was established in 1950. As Prime Minister, he naturally led this crucial body responsible for India's economic development through Five-Year Plans.

Allan Octavian Hume, a retired British civil servant, founded the Indian National Congress in 1885 with the goal of providing a platform for educated Indians to voice their political grievances. Hume believed this controlled outlet would help channel Indian discontent and prevent more radical movements against British rule.

Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Bipin Chandra Pal formed the extremist trio known as 'Lal-Bal-Pal' who advocated for more aggressive methods to achieve independence. They rejected the Moderates' approach of petitions and prayers, instead promoting swadeshi, boycott, and direct action against British rule.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded Brahmo Samaj in 1828, pioneering the Bengal Renaissance and social reform movements. Keshab Chandra Sen and Debendranath Tagore were later leaders. M.G. Ranade founded Prarthana Samaj, a similar reform movement in Bombay.

G.V. Mavalankar served as the first Speaker of the Lok Sabha from 1952 to 1956. He was a prominent independence activist and parliamentarian who established key parliamentary procedures.

Justice H. R. Khanna was never Chief Justice of India. He famously resigned in protest during the Emergency in 1977 after being superseded for the CJI post despite being the senior-most judge. The other three (Patanjali Sastri, K. N. Wanchoo, and M. N. Venkatachaliah) all served as CJIs.

Nawab Salimullah Khan of Dhaka was the first President of the All-India Muslim League, elected in 1906 at its founding in Dhaka. He was a key figure in the movement that eventually led to the creation of Pakistan.

Jawaharlal Nehru proposed the Objectives Resolution in December 1946, which later became the Preamble to the Constitution. The Preamble embodies the philosophy and fundamental values of the Indian Constitution. Nehru, as Prime Minister, presented this before the Drafting Committee chaired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Dr. Rajendra Prasad served as the first President of independent India from 1950 to 1962. He was a key freedom movement leader who had previously presided over the Constituent Assembly that drafted India's Constitution, making him the natural choice for the ceremonial head of the new republic.

Subhas Chandra Bose resigned as Congress President in 1939 following his ideological differences with Gandhi. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was appointed in his place to maintain party unity. This occurred after Bose's controversial re-election against Gandhi's preferred candidate, leading to his eventual departure from the Congress.

Iskander Mirza served as the first President of Pakistan from 1956 to 1958 after Pakistan became a republic. He previously served as the last Governor-General of Pakistan. The other options came later - Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry was President in the 1970s, Yahya Khan was President (1969-1971) before Bhutto, and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became President in 1971 after Yahya Khan's resignation.