Human Immunity and Blood

Primary haemostasis initially involves vasoconstriction in response to vascular damage which limits blood loss, and subsequent platelet adhesion to the damaged area and activation due to exposure of subendothelial matrix.

Eosinophils have a bilobed nucleus (two lobes connected by a narrow strand of chromatin). Their granules are considered to be lysosomes. Eosinophils actively phagocytize complexes formed by the action of antibodies on antigens (foreign substances).

They are circulating immature macrophages or dendritic cells.

Plasma cells secrete large amounts of antibody and therefore require well developed ER in order to make sufficient amounts of this protein.

The spleen breaks down both red and white blood cells that are spent. This is why, it is sometimes known as the 'graveyard of red blood cells'. A product of this digestion is the pigment bilirubin which is sent to the liver and secreted in the bile.

Primary haemostasis initially involves vasoconstriction in response to vascular damage, which limits blood loss and subsequent platelet adhesion to the damaged area and activation due to exposure of subendothelial matrix.

Eosinophils have a bilobed nucleus (two lobes connected by a narrow strand of chromatin). Their granules are considered to be lysosomes. Eosinophils actively phagocytise complexes formed by the action of antibodies on antigens (foreign substances).

Leucocytes (white blood cells) are the primary cells that help the body resist infections and foreign invaders. They are part of the immune system and include neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Erythrocytes are red blood cells that carry oxygen, while lymphocytes and monocytes are specific types of leucocytes.

Plasma is the clear, yellowish fluid portion of blood that remains after removing blood cells (corpuscles). It contains water, proteins, electrolytes, hormones, and clotting factors. Serum is similar but lacks clotting factors, lymph is a separate fluid, and vaccines are biological preparations.

Platelets or thrombocytes are cell fragments found in blood that play a crucial role in blood clotting. They are produced in bone marrow and circulate in the bloodstream, making 'Blood' the correct association.

Plasma is the liquid component of blood that carries blood cells, nutrients, hormones, and waste products. Haemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein within red blood cells (erythrocytes), while leucocytes are white blood cells. Only plasma represents the fluid portion in which the cellular elements are suspended.

Blood group AB positive is the universal recipient because it has both A and B antigens on red blood cells and no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma. This allows AB+ individuals to receive red blood cells from any blood type (A, B, AB, or O) without reaction.

Epidermolysis bullosa is characterised by blister formation in response to mechanical trauma.

Yes, this is the correct answer. Both are false statements. Heat-inactivation of serum is done by heating to 56°C for 30 minutes to inactivate complement (a group of proteins present in sera that are part of the immune response). A nude mouse is a laboratory mouse from a strain with a genetic mutation causing deteriorated or absent thymus. This type of genetic mutation results in an inhibited immune system due to a greatly reduced number of T cells.