Human Immunity and Blood

 Antibodies belong to immunoglobulins which are glycoproteins in blood plasma used in immunity and contain oligosacharride chains.

 Immature B cells which are never exposed to an antigen express only IgM antibody isotype  but express IgD too,when they are mature.

 IgE antibodies bind to allergens and trigger release of histamine from mast cells and thus gets involved in allergies.

 IgE isotype is found only in mammals and is involved in allergies.

 Presence of rhesus factor in a person's Rh blood group system is denoted by the presence of D antigen on red blood cells surface.

 Haldane effect named after the scientist who first described it and it states that deoxygenated haemoglobin has more affinity for carbon-di-oxide than oxygenated haemoglobin.

Allergic rhinitis is an allergic inflammation of the nasal airways. When caused by pollens of any plants, it is called pollinosis, and if specifically caused by grass pollens, it is known as hay fever.

Histamine upregulates P-selectin of vascular endothelium.

Fibrinogen is a protein that helps in clotting of blood. Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin (clot).

These are granulocytes. Their cytoplasmic granules contain heparin, which gives them their anti-coagulating function.

Leucocytes are produced in the spleen or yellow bone marrow and when worn out, they disintegrate in the blood stream and get engulfed by phagocytes.

Pyoderma gangrenosum is a disease that causes tissue to become necrotic, causing deep ulcers that usually occur on the legs. When they occur, they can lead to chronic wounds. Ulcers usually initially look like small bug bites or papules, and they progress to larger ulcers. Though the wounds rarely lead to death, they can cause pain and scarring.

Most abundant type of immunoglobulin present in human is lgG .

When cells are infected by a virus, they produce small amounts of anti microbial proteins called interferons that increase the resistance of neighbouring cells to infection by the same or other viruses. Interferon is a cytokine barrier.

Thymus is a primary lymphoid organ.