Human Immunity and Blood

T cells recognise processed antigen plus the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.

B-lymphocytes have antibodies on their cell surface.

The thymus gland is a pink-grey organ that lies underneath the top of the breast bone. In animals it is known as the sweetbreads. The role of the thymus gland is to process lymphocytes, which are white blood cells that travel the body through the bloodstream.

Hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein pigment in red blood cells that gives them their characteristic red color. It binds to oxygen in the lungs and transports it throughout the body. Plasma is the fluid component, while platelets are cell fragments involved in clotting.

Basophils are the white blood cells primarily responsible for releasing histamine and heparin. Histamine promotes inflammation and allergic responses, while heparin acts as an anticoagulant that prevents blood clotting. Neutrophils are phagocytic, eosinophils combat parasites, and monocytes become macrophages.

Erythrocytes is the scientific name for red blood cells (RBCs), derived from Greek 'erythros' (red) and 'kytos' (cell). Leucocytes are white blood cells, thrombocytes are platelets, and plasma is the liquid portion of blood. RBCs contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen throughout the body.

The spleen is an organ found in virtually all vertebrates. Similar in structure to a large lymph node, it acts primarily as a blood filter. The spleen plays important roles in regard to red blood cells (also referred to as erythrocytes) and the immune system. It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve of blood, which can be valuable in case of hemorrhagic shock, and also recycles iron.

Dendritic cells and macrophages are monocytes. Dendritic cells function in processing antigen material and present it on cell surface to T-cells of immune system. Macrophages function in detecting, engulfing and destroying pathogens and apoptotic cells.

Neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, eosinophils and basophils are the kinds of WBCs which take part in immune system. 

A marker of SLE, but also found in many other diseases; their presence in a patient suspected of having cerebral lupus indicates that dsDNA binding antibodies and ENA antibodies must be measured. These will be present in SLE, including cerebral SLE.

The thymus and the bone marrow constitute the primary lymphoid tissues involved in the production and early selection of lymphocyte tissues. Thymus: Site of T Cell maturation Bone Marrow: Site of Haematopoiesis and B Cell maturation

Blood transfusion is generally a process of receiving blood products into one's circulation intravenously. Dextran is a complex branched glucan composed of chains of varying lengths. It is used medicinally, as an antithrombotic (anti-platelet) to reduce blood viscosity and as a volume expander in anemia.

Hybridoma technology is a technology of forming hybrid cell lines (called hybridomas) by fusing a specific antibody-producing B cell with a myeloma .

Eosinophils have a bilobed nucleus (two lobes connected by a narrow strand of chromatin). Their granules are considered to be lysosomes. Eosinophils actively phagocytize complexes formed by the action of antibodies on antigens (foreign substances).

Throat is the part of human body which is affected by diphtheria. Diphtheria mainly spreads from person to person by direct contact with people who have this condition or carry it. Since the bacteria are located in human's nose, throat and mouth, it can spread via droplet infections through sneezing and coughs.