Human Immunity and Blood

Macrophages are cells produced by the differentiation of monocytes in tissues. Amoeboid movement is a crawling type of movement in which the cell forms temporary cytoplasmic projections called pseudopodia (false feet) towards the front of the cell. Leukocytes like phagocytes or macrophages of the lymph show amoeboid movements to engulf antigen or microbes and to immigrate in the circulatory fluid.

Cytokines are small proteins which allow cells of the immune system to communicate with one another via cytokine receptors expressed at the cell surface. Interleukin 6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine and is produced by macrophages in response to infection and tissue injury. IL-6 exerts its effects on multiple cell types and can act systemically.

Haematocrit is a measure of the percentage of red blood cells to the total blood volume. It is also called packed cell volume or PCV. It is used to evaluate anemia, blood loss, haemolytic anemia, and polycythemia.

Blood group O does not have any antigen on its surface and can be donated to individual containing any blood group.

I-131 damages WBC and bone marrow.

They act in a sequential proteolytic cascade which gives tremendous amplification of the response.

Parietal cell antibodies detected by immunofluorescence in stomach sections are important markers of inflammatory atrophic gastritis and subsequent pernicious anaemia.

The constant region of IgM and of IgGI, IgG2 and IgG3 antibodies binds C1q after the antibody has complexed with antigen. 

Both T-cells and B-cells possess antigen specific receptors.

5 days or more are required for B-cell proliferation, differentiation into plasma cells, and the secretion of a large enough amount of antibody for it to be readily detected systemically.

Adoptive transfer experiments helped establish that immunological memory, one of the hallmarks of the adaptive immune response, is a property of small lymphocyte.

Tolerance is a specific immunological non-responsiveness. Whilst tolerance can be induced to any antigen, the mechanism is thought to have evolved as a means of preventing the maturation of pathogenic self-reactive lymphocytes.

Natural antibodies are low affinity IgM.

Transfection with rearranged genes encoding a red cell autoantibody causes early disease in normal animals.

Graves' disease is a fairly frequent organ-specific disease and is often found in association with pernicious anaemia.