Human Immunity and Blood

Four subclasses of IgG and their distribution are as follows:

1. IgG1-65% (Max)
2. IgG2-23%
3. IgI3-8%
4. IgG4-4%(Min)

1. It is also called anaphylactic, IgE or regain-dependent hypersensitivity.
   1. In this, the cytotropic IgE antibodies, are fixed on surface of cells like mast cells and basophils.

1.  Antigen-combining site of an antibody is at amino terminus.
   1.  It has both light and heavy chains.
   2. The amino acid sequence in aminoterminal is variable. This variable region determines immunological specificity.

Agglutination reactions-it is a reaction between a particulate antigen and its antibody, which results in the formation of clumps. For example: a.  Slide agglutination-blood grouping b.   Comb‘s test

Immunoglobulins are proteins with known antibody activity and they are synthesized by plasma cells, which are activated B-cell.

IgG and IgM fix the complement system by classical pathway and IgA participates in complement fixation by alternate pathway.

This is the correct option. Plasma contains about 90 percent water and dissolved substances like proteins, digested food, common salt, waste products and hormones. 

Non-nucleated RBCs are found in camels.

This is the correct answer as both statements are correct.

Platelets can release a variety of substances, most of which are involved in the coagulation or clotting of blood.

They contain many structures that are critical to stop bleeding. They contain proteins on their surface that allow them to stick to breaks in the blood vessel wall and also to stick to each other. They contain granules that can secrete other proteins required for creating a firm plug to seal blood vessel breaks. Also platelets contain proteins similar to muscle proteins that allow them to change shape when they become sticky.

Erythrocytes also known as red blood cells (RBCs) function to transport oxygen in the blood. Mammalian erythrocytes are typically shaped as biconcave disks that is flattened and depressed in the center, with a dumbbell shaped cross section and a torus shaped rim on the edge of the disk. Oxygen transport is efficient because the cells have a flattened disc shape to increase surface area allowing rapid diffusion of oxygen and they contain haemoglobin which absorbs oxygen in the lungs and releases oxygen in the rest of the body.

Red blood cells are also known as RBCs, red cells, red blood corpuscles, haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes. In humans mature red blood cells are oval and flexible biconcave disks. They lack a cell nucleus and most organelles to accommodate maximum space for haemoglobin. Sickle cell disease is an inherited disorder in which red blood cell is abnormally shaped. This abnormality can result in painful episodes, serious infections, chronic anemia and damage to body organs.

Pus is an exudate typically white-yellow, yellow or yellow-brown formed at the site of inflammation during infection. An accumulation of pus in an enclosed tissue space is known as an abscess whereas a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis is known as a pustule or pimple. Neutrophils are very active in phagocytosing bacteria and are present in large amount in the pus of wounds.

Macrophages are cells produced by the differentiation of monocytes in tissues. Amoeboid movement is a crawling type of movement in which the cell forms temporary cytoplasmic projections called pseudopodia (false feet) towards the front of the cell. Leukocytes like phagocytes or macrophages of the lymph show amoeboid movements to engulf antigen or microbes and to immigrate in the circulatory fluid.