Human Immunity and Blood

This is incorrect. Presence of lymphocytes in tumours is often associated with better clinical outcomes.

Granzymes function as serine proteases. They supposedly bring about protein lysis and DNA damage.

Mannose binding protein is a major basic protein and is localised in the core of the granules. In the pre-immune host, its function appears to be pattern recognition in the first line of defense.

Monocytes are the largest white blood cells (corpuscles) in human blood, measuring 12-20 micrometers in diameter. They are part of the immune system and can differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells. Basophils and acidophils (eosinophils) are smaller granulocytes, while lymphocytes are also smaller than monocytes.

Blood group antigens (A, B, Rh factors) are glycoproteins or glycolipids on RBC surfaces determined by specific genes. These antigens are inherited from parents and form the basis for blood type classification, making them the hereditary factors present on RBC membranes.

Hemophilia A is caused by deficiency of Factor VIII (antihemophilic factor), a clotting protein essential for the coagulation cascade. Without sufficient Factor VIII, blood cannot clot properly, leading to prolonged bleeding. Factor IX deficiency causes Hemophilia B, but Factor VIII is the most common form.

Macrophages are the major phagocytic cells of the immune system, derived from monocytes. They engulf and digest pathogens, dead cells, and debris through phagocytosis. Lymphocytes are involved in adaptive immunity, mast cells in allergic responses, and plasma cells produce antibodies.

Sodium citrate is the standard anticoagulant used in blood banks because it chelates calcium ions, which are essential for the clotting cascade. Heparin is also an anticoagulant but not typically used for blood storage. Sodium glycocholate and taurocholate are bile salts unrelated to coagulation.

Blood group AB individuals are called universal recipients because they lack both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their plasma, allowing them to receive blood from any ABO group (A, B, AB, or O). Group O individuals are universal donors (have no A or B antigens), while A and B can only receive from specific compatible types.

Diapedesis is the key characteristic of leucocytes (white blood cells) - the ability to squeeze through capillary walls and migrate into tissues to fight infection or inflammation. WBCs are nucleated (unlike RBCs), many are granular (not agranular), and they're typically colorless (stains are used to see them).

Antiserum is blood serum containing polyclonal antibodies against specific antigens, produced by immunizing animals. It provides passive immunity. Antigens are what trigger antibody production, not what antiserum contains. Leucocytes (white blood cells) are cellular, not serum components.

Prevents coagulation of blood inside the blood vessels

These cells are found near blood vessels and nerves and produce histamines, heparin and serotonin.

Histamine dilates the blood vessels and controls the flow of blood.

Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow through a process called erythropoiesis. The bone marrow contains stem cells that differentiate into RBCs, which then enter circulation. The spleen actually removes old or damaged RBCs, it doesn't create them.