Biology

Human Immunity and Blood

2,051 Questions

Human immunity and blood questions cover the physiological mechanisms protecting the body against diseases and the components of blood. Topics include blood groups, cell mediated immunity, monoclonal antibodies, and blood coagulation. These biology topics frequently appear in general science sections of competitive exams.

Blood groupsCell mediated immunityMonoclonal antibodiesBlood coagulationCancer immunology

Human Immunity and Blood Questions

Multiple choice

Which type of immune tolerance is responsible for preventing the immune system from attacking the body's own tissues?

  1. Central tolerance

  2. Peripheral tolerance

  3. Natural tolerance

  4. Acquired tolerance
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Central tolerance is the type of immune tolerance that is responsible for preventing the immune system from attacking the body's own tissues. This process occurs in the thymus, where immature T cells are tested for their ability to recognize self-antigens. T cells that react to self-antigens are deleted, while T cells that do not react to self-antigens are allowed to mature and enter the periphery.

Multiple choice

What is the role of regulatory T cells in immune tolerance?

  1. To suppress the immune response to self-antigens

  2. To suppress the immune response to foreign antigens

  3. To promote the immune response to self-antigens

  4. To promote the immune response to foreign antigens
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Regulatory T cells play a critical role in immune tolerance by suppressing the immune response to self-antigens. This prevents the immune system from attacking the body's own tissues.

Multiple choice

What is the role of the thymus in immune tolerance?

  1. To produce T cells

  2. To mature T cells

  3. To select T cells that do not react to self-antigens

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

The thymus plays a critical role in immune tolerance by producing, maturing, and selecting T cells that do not react to self-antigens.

Multiple choice

What is the role of the spleen in immune tolerance?

  1. To filter blood for foreign antigens

  2. To produce antibodies

  3. To store immune cells

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

The spleen plays a critical role in immune tolerance by filtering blood for foreign antigens, producing antibodies, and storing immune cells.

Multiple choice

What is the role of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in immune tolerance?

  1. To prevent the immune system from attacking commensal bacteria

  2. To produce antibodies against food antigens

  3. To store immune cells

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

The GALT plays a critical role in immune tolerance by preventing the immune system from attacking commensal bacteria, producing antibodies against food antigens, and storing immune cells.

Multiple choice

Which type of immunotherapy involves genetically modifying T cells to express a receptor that targets a specific antigen on cancer cells?

  1. Adoptive T-cell therapy

  2. Checkpoint inhibitors

  3. Cancer vaccines

  4. Cytokine therapy
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Adoptive T-cell therapy involves genetically engineering T cells to express a receptor that recognizes a specific antigen on cancer cells, enabling them to effectively target and destroy cancer cells.

Multiple choice

What is the mechanism of action of checkpoint inhibitors in immunotherapy?

  1. They block inhibitory receptors on T cells, releasing the brakes on the immune response

  2. They directly kill cancer cells by inducing apoptosis

  3. They stimulate the production of antibodies against cancer cells

  4. They enhance the ability of natural killer cells to recognize and attack cancer cells
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Checkpoint inhibitors work by blocking inhibitory receptors on T cells, such as PD-1 and CTLA-4, which normally prevent T cells from attacking healthy cells. By releasing these brakes, checkpoint inhibitors allow T cells to become more active and effectively target cancer cells.

Multiple choice

What is the primary target of cancer vaccines in immunotherapy?

  1. Cancer cells themselves

  2. Immune cells such as T cells and B cells

  3. Tumor-associated antigens

  4. Cancer-promoting proteins
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Cancer vaccines aim to stimulate the immune system to recognize and attack tumor-associated antigens, which are molecules expressed on cancer cells that are not found on healthy cells.

Multiple choice

Which type of immunotherapy involves the administration of cytokines to enhance the immune response against cancer?

  1. Adoptive T-cell therapy

  2. Checkpoint inhibitors

  3. Cancer vaccines

  4. Cytokine therapy
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Cytokine therapy involves the administration of cytokines, which are signaling molecules that regulate the immune response, to stimulate and enhance the immune system's ability to fight cancer.

Multiple choice

Which type of immunotherapy involves the use of antibodies to block specific molecules involved in tumor growth and metastasis?

  1. Adoptive T-cell therapy

  2. Checkpoint inhibitors

  3. Antibody therapy

  4. Cancer vaccines
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Antibody therapy involves the use of antibodies, which are proteins produced by the immune system to recognize and neutralize foreign substances, to target and block specific molecules involved in tumor growth and metastasis.

Multiple choice

Which type of immunotherapy involves the use of oncolytic viruses to selectively infect and kill cancer cells?

  1. Adoptive T-cell therapy

  2. Checkpoint inhibitors

  3. Virotherapy

  4. Cancer vaccines
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Virotherapy involves the use of oncolytic viruses, which are genetically engineered viruses that selectively infect and kill cancer cells while leaving healthy cells unharmed.

Multiple choice

What is the main challenge associated with the development of cancer vaccines?

  1. The difficulty in identifying tumor-associated antigens

  2. The potential for autoimmune reactions

  3. The limited efficacy of vaccines against solid tumors

  4. The high cost of vaccine development
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

One of the main challenges in developing cancer vaccines is identifying tumor-associated antigens that are unique to cancer cells and not found on healthy cells, as these antigens are necessary for the vaccine to elicit an immune response specifically against cancer.

Multiple choice

Which type of immunotherapy involves the use of heat to kill cancer cells and stimulate the immune system?

  1. Adoptive T-cell therapy

  2. Checkpoint inhibitors

  3. Thermal therapy

  4. Cancer vaccines
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Thermal therapy involves the use of heat to kill cancer cells and stimulate the immune system. It can be applied locally to tumors or systemically to the entire body.

Multiple choice

What is the primary mechanism of action of cytokine therapy in immunotherapy?

  1. It directly kills cancer cells

  2. It stimulates the production of antibodies against cancer cells

  3. It enhances the ability of natural killer cells to recognize and attack cancer cells

  4. It blocks inhibitory receptors on T cells
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Cytokine therapy primarily works by stimulating the production of antibodies against cancer cells, enhancing the immune system's ability to recognize and target cancer cells for destruction.

Multiple choice

Which type of immunotherapy involves the use of nanoparticles to deliver therapeutic agents directly to cancer cells?

  1. Adoptive T-cell therapy

  2. Checkpoint inhibitors

  3. Nanoparticle therapy

  4. Cancer vaccines
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Nanoparticle therapy involves the use of nanoparticles to deliver therapeutic agents, such as drugs, genes, or antibodies, directly to cancer cells, enhancing their targeted delivery and effectiveness.