Geomorphic Processes

Solifluction is a process covered under the slow mass movements. It is a process that involves slow downslope flowing of soil mass or fine-grained rock debris saturated or lubricated with water. It is because permafrost (ground that remains completely frozen) is impermeable to water, soil overlying may become oversaturated and slide downslope under the pull of gravity. Thus, in periglacial regions along the slopes, some small layers of soil accumulated because of the movement of the soil are known as solifluction. 

Sea cliffs are usually formed by the process of weathering and erosion. In coastal areas the sea waves erode away the base of the headland. The part of rock that remains form a sea cliff.

Landforms like flood levees, flood plains and deltas are formed because of the depositional works of the river.

• When two plates of earth's crust move apart from each other, a long narrow depression is formed due to the sinking of ground which is called a rift valley eg. east African rift valley. Hence option C is the right answer.
• The rift valley is not formed due to river or aeolian(wind) action. Also, the slope in the rift valley is almost vertical thus very steep hence other options are incorrect.

Waterfalls occur when a river flows over a layer of hard rock that resists erosion, while the softer rock underneath erodes more quickly. This can happen whether the rock is vertical, horizontal, or dipping.

In the upper course of a river, the gradient is steep and the river cuts vertically into the landscape, creating deep, narrow valleys known as gorges or canyons. Waterfalls are also common, but gorges are the most characteristic feature of the valley formation process here.

Leaching is draining away from soil, ash, or similar material by the action of percolating liquid, especially rainwater downwards.

Exfoliation involves the removal of the oldest dead skin cells on the skin's outermost surface. Exfoliation is involved in all facials, during microdermabrasion or chemical peels. It is not a chemical weathering.

Abrasion is the mechanical wearing down of rock surfaces by friction caused by materials carried by agents like wind, water, or ice. It is not limited to fluvial erosion, and attrition is the wearing down of the transported particles themselves, not the surface.

Landscapes are sculpted by the combined effects of weathering (breaking down rocks), erosion (removing material), and deposition (accumulating material). All three are fundamental geomorphic processes.

Weathering is the disintegration of rocks in situ. Erosion is the wearing away by agents. Transportation is the movement of material. Deposition is the accumulation of material.

Denudation is influenced by a wide range of factors, including the geological structure, the relief of the land, climatic conditions, and human activities that alter the landscape.

Streams can be classified based on their flow duration: perennial (flow all year), intermittent (flow during certain seasons), ephemeral (flow only after rain), and seasonal (flow during specific seasons). All are valid types.

Groundwater is water that occupies the pores and joints in rocks. It is a key agent in weathering, mass movement, and the hydrological cycle, and its availability is heavily dependent on local environmental factors.

Mass movement is the downslope movement of material driven by gravity. It is influenced by slope gradient, material weight, and triggers like water or vibrations. There are many types of mass movement (e.g., creep, slide, flow, fall).