Environmental and Chemical Processes

Ans : 4.

Ablation refers to the removal of material from a surface through vaporization, chipping, erosion, or melting. In glaciology, it refers to ice loss from a glacier through melting, sublimation, or calving. The term is used in medicine, aerospace, and geology. Sleet is precipitation, cliff is a landform, and pampero is a wind.

Denitrification is the microbial process that converts nitrates (NO3-) back into nitrogen gas (N2), returning it to the atmosphere. Nitrification converts ammonium to nitrates, putrification refers to protein decomposition, and ammonification converts organic nitrogen to ammonium.

Organic ingredients intended for composting can alternatively be used to generate biogas through anaerobic digestion.

Bioconversion is the process where microorganisms transform organic waste materials into useful energy resources like biogas. This process harnesses microbial metabolic activity to convert waste into renewable energy.

Pyrolysis is a thermochemical decomposition of organic material at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen (or any halogen).

Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia to nitrite then nitrate by soil bacteria. However, the broader meaning (and what option B describes) is the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into biologically usable nitrogen compounds that plants can absorb.

Carbonisation is the process of gradual conversion of the remains of dead plants and animals into coal.

Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of organic materials in complete absence of oxygen, which distinguishes it from incineration (burning with oxygen) and anaerobic digestion (biological decomposition by microorganisms). The key characteristic is heating without oxygen or other reagents.

Excretion is the biological process responsible for removing nitrogenous waste products like urea, uric acid, and ammonia from organisms. Respiration deals with gas exchange, while circulation is about transporting substances throughout the body.

Photochemical smog can be suppressed by certain compounds, which act as free radical traps and also by installation of efficient catalytic converters in the automobiles.

Ammonification is the conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonium (NH4+) by the action of decomposers (bacteria).

Putrefaction is one of seven stages in the decomposition of the body of a dead animal or human. It can be viewed, in broad terms, as the decomposition of proteins in a process that results in the eventual breakdown of cohesion between tissues and the liquefaction of most organs.