Climate, Weather, and Geography

From $23.5^0$N to $66.5^0$N and between $23.5^0$S and $66.5^0$S are the temperate zones, where there are clear spring/summer/fall/winter seasons. The north temperate zone extends from the tropic of cancer to the arctic circle. The south temperate zone extends from the tropic of capricorn to the antarctic circle. Between $23.5^0$S and $23.5^0$N latitude we have the tropics - where high temperatures are the norm, and the sun can beat down from directly overhead once or twice each year.

The north temperate climate extends from the 'Tropic of Cancer' (approximately 23.5 north latitude) to the arctic circle (approximately 66.5 north latitude). The south temperate zone extends from the tropic of capricorn (approximately 23.5 south latitude) to the antarctic circle (at approximately 66.5 south latitude). 

The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, where almost all weather phenomena, including rain and wind, occur.

The water pipes burst in cold countries in winter due to anomalous expansion of water. In cold countries, when temperature falls below $0^{\circ}$C, aquatic life can survive due to anomalous expansion of water. When the temperature of surrounding reaches upto $4^{\circ}$C, the upper surface of the pond will have maximum density and so it sinks to the bottom of the pond.

A cloudburst is a localized, extreme precipitation event that occurs over a short period, often leading to flash floods and accompanied by intense weather.

A cyclone is characterized by a low-pressure center around which air rotates in a spiral pattern due to the Coriolis effect.

Precipitation is the general term for any form of water (liquid or solid) that falls from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface.

Convectional rainfall occurs when surface of the earth is heated up by the sun. The warm surface also heats up the air. As air rises it cools down and begins to condensate. Further rising and cooling causes a large amount of condensation to occur and rain is formed. Conventional rainfall usually occurs in the equatorial region.

The droplets of water deposited on any cool surface by condensation of water vapour in atmosphere are known as dew. When temperature drops and objects cool down, dew is formed. The temperature at which dew forms is called the dew point. Location, weather, and time of day affect the dew point. Dew is more likely experienced by the humid areas than arid areas. It is mostly formed at night.

When cloud particles become too heavy to remain suspended in the air, then condensed water vapor falls back to the Earth in various forms. This process is called as precipitation. Precipitation is very important for the life forms on the Earth. The different forms of precipitation are:

Through the continuous process of condensation, the condensed particles grow in size. They are called water droplets or ices droplets. Due to the force of gravity, these droplets are formed are forced to come down and it is called precipitation. Precipitated moisture falling on the ground takes various forms it can be rain, drizzle, snow, sleet, hail, etc.

Fog consists of visible cloud water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near the Earth's surface. Fog can be considered a type of low-lying cloud and is heavily influenced by nearby bodies of water, topography, and wind conditions. In turn, fog has affected many human activities, such as shipping, travel, and warfare.

Cloud has been defined as a visible aggregation of minute water droplets or ice particles in the air, usually above the general ground level. Clouds are the most important form of suspended water droplets caused by condensation. Clouds are generally formed because of adiabatic cooling resulting from the upward movement of air.

Hail forms in strong thunderstorm clouds, particularly those with intense updrafts, high liquid water content, great vertical extent, large water droplets, and where a good portion of the cloud layer is below freezing 0 °C (32 °F).

In a cyclone, the winds from all directions converge at the centre. Air with different temperature meets at the center. The cold air pushes the warm air upward which gets cool as it moves up and precipitation occurs.  So rainfall due to cyclones and depression is termed as cyclonic rainfall.