Cell Biology and Structure

A.Collenchyma – cells are living present in the younger parts of the plant body.

B.Chlorenchyma – cells are living, possess more number of chloroplast.

C.Periderm – a multilayered tissues composed with both living and non living or dead cells

D.Endodermis – cells are living, vertically elongated, appear barrel shape.

So, the correct option is 'Periderm'.

Bulliform cells  are so called because of its peculiar bubble shape. It mainly occurs on the upper surface of the leaves present in grasses. Water present in these cells helps to maintain its shape but loss of turgor pressure during the stress allows the leaves to roll up. During drought, the loss of moisture through vacuoles induces bulliform cells to cause the leaves of many grass species to close as the two edges of the grass blade fold up toward each other. Once adequate water is available, these cells enlarge and the leaves open again. 

Passage cells are endodermal in origin. These are found in cells of older roots which have retained thin walls and casparian strips to allow some symplastic flow to the inside. These do not get suberized or thickened.
Experimental evidence suggests that passage cells function to allow transfer of solutes such as calcium and magnesium into the stele, in order to eventually reach the transpiration system. For the most part, however, old roots seal themselves off at the endodermis and only serve as a passageway for water and minerals taken up by younger roots downstream. So, passage cells occur in endodermis and not in pericycle, cortex or epidermis.
Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Epidermal cells make the outermost covering of primary plant body. They are compactly arranged, barrel-shaped parenchyma cells with no or little intercellular spaces. 

Each stomatal pore is surrounded by two guard cells that assist in stomatal opening driven by turgidity of guard cells. The only epidermal cells with unevenly thickened walls and chloroplasts are the guard cells, they are kidney shaped in dicots and dumbell shaped in monocots.

The epidermis is the outermost cellular layer which covers the whole plant structure, i.e., it covers roots, stem, leaves, flowers and fruit. It is composed of a single layer of living cells, although there are exceptions. Epidermis is usually closely packed, without intercellular spaces or chloroplasts. The outer walls, which are exposed to the atmosphere and usually thickened and may be covered by a waxy, waterproof cuticle which are made up of cutin. So, their side walls stick together due to the wax secretion. 

Epidermal cells are typically tightly packed and lack a middle lamella between them in the same way that parenchyma or other tissues do, as they are often directly adjacent.

Cellular respiration is stepwise catabolic process that breaks down organic substrates to release energy. The first step in respiration is glycolysis that occurs in the cytoplasm of the living cell. Krebs' cycle and ETS occurs in mitochondria of the cell. So, the answer is 'Cytoplasm'.

Glycolysis is the splitting of glucose into two pyruvate molecules. It occurs firstly in the cytoplasm and gains a small amount of energy while the other steps occur in the mitochondria where coenzymes and cytochromes are present, it is also the powerhouse of a cell where energy is generated.

• The process of glycolysis takes place in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic animals as a part of the respiration process to provide the cell with energy.
• The process of glycolysis always takes places in the cytoplasm of any cell where it occurs for 2 reasons. 
• First the enzymes that are required for the process are present in the cytoplasm and secondly any of the membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria are nit present in prokaryotic organisms so if the glycolysis was taking place in mitochondria then the prokaryotes won't be able to preform it.
• Only the reactions of the aerobic respiration such as Kerb's cycle and oxidative phosphorylation takes place in mitochondria to produce ATP.
• Therefore the sentence above is FALSE and the option 'False' is correct.
  

In our body, we have 2 types of control and coordinating systems. One is through neurons, known as the nervous system and another is through hormones known as the endocrine system.

Mitochondria are the primary sites of aerobic respiration and are famously referred to as the powerhouses of the cell because they produce the majority of ATP.

Mitochondria and chloroplast both have:

• A double membrane surrounding the organelles.
• Purportedly prokaryotic origins according to the endosymbiotic theory which suggests that mitochondria and chloroplast were once prokaryotic bacteria engulfed by endocytosis in early eukaryotes.
• Their own circular DNA which codes for certain enzymes required for the chemical reactions that take place in these organelles.
• Their own 70S ribosomes made up of 50S and 30S subunits to translate proteins
• The enzyme ATP synthase which utilizes the energy released from the movement of protons across it (proton-motive force) to phosphorylate ADP to ATP. (Thus, another similarity would be that they both produce ATP)
• Electron transport chains, which are embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane and thylakoid membrane in mitochondria and chloroplasts respectively.

The synthesis of ATP is called phosphorylation. If it occurs in the presence of light, it is called photophosphorylation, that occurs during photosynthesis in the chloroplast. Mitochondria perform oxidative and substrate level phosphorylation.