Cardiovascular and Nervous System

This sequential event in the heart which is cyclically repeated is called the cardiac cycle. Each cardiac cycle consists of systole and diastole of both the atria and ventricles. Each cardiac cycle represents one heartbeat. The normal heart rate is about 72 beats per minute. The heart rate is same as pulse rate because the pumping action of the heart causes an increase in blood pressure in arteries that leads to noticeable pulse. Hence pulse rate can be defined as the rate at which the blood is pumped.

• The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute is called the cardiac output.
• The heart of a normal person beats 72 times per minute. This is called the heart rate. During each and every heartbeat, the ventricles pump about 70 ml of blood.
• This is known as stroke volume. This means heart pumps 72 x 70 ml = 5040 ml or approximately 5 liters of blood per minute.
  
  Thus the correct answer is option C.

The pulse rate is the number of times one can feel a pulse in one minute. The radial artery is present on the thumb side of the wrist. To measure the pulse rate place two fingers between the bone and the tendon over your radial artery. Count the number of beats in 15 seconds, multiply this with four you will get the pulse rate. Therefore The pulse rate can be determined from the arteries.

• This sequential event in the heart that is cyclically repeated is called the cardiac cycle. Each cardiac cycle consists of systole and diastole of both the atria and ventricles. 
• Each cardiac cycle represents one heartbeat. The number of heartbeats per minute in resting person is called a normal heart rate. 
• The normal heart rate is about 72 beats per minute. Hence the unit of measurement of the heartbeat is Beats per minute.

• Lubb is the first sound which has a low pitch and produced by the closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valves (collectively called atrioventricular valves) at the beginning of ventricular systole.
• Dup is the second sound which is sharp and has a high pitch. It is produced by closure of semilunar valves by the end of ventricular systole.

This sequential event in the heart which is cyclically repeated is called the cardiac cycle. Each cardiac cycle consists of systole and diastole of both the atria and ventricles. Each cardiac cycle represents one heartbeat. The normal heart rate is about 72 beats per minute. The heart rate is same as pulse rate because the pumping action of the heart causes an increase in blood pressure in arteries. Hence pulse rate can be measured in the arteries of the neck and arteries of the wrist.

The heart is located in the mediastinum, but the apex of the heart, which is formed by the left ventricle, is directed toward the left side of the chest, making the heartbeat more audible there.

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the fight or flight response. This response includes increasing the heart rate to prepare the body for physical activity.

The heartbeat originates in the sinoatrial (SA) node, which is commonly referred to as the natural pacemaker of the heart. It initiates the electrical impulses that lead to contraction.

The vagus nerve is part of the parasympathetic nervous system and provides inhibitory control over the heart rate. While the SA node generates the beat, the vagus nerve regulates it.

• The impulse for heart beat is originated in SA node. It is known as the pace maker of heart and situated in upper right corner of right atrium. 
• The electrical impulses generated by SA node are conducted to Atrio Ventricular or AV node. 
• From the AV node, the impulses are transmitted to AV bundle, known as bundle of His which convey the impulses of contraction to the apex of myocardium. 
• The impulses cause the Purkinje fibres to sweep upwards and outwards which results in pumping of blood into aorta and pulmonary artery.
• So, the correct sequence of propagation of cardiac impulse is SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibres.

• Lubb is the first sound which has a low pitch and produced by the closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valves (collectively called atrioventricular valves) at the beginning of ventricular systole.
  
• Dup is the second sound which is sharp and has a high pitch. It is produced by closure of semilunar valves by the end of ventricular systole and beginning of ventricular diastole).

• S1: It is the first sound 'lubb'. It has slow pitch and produced by closure of atrioventricular valves at the beginning of ventricular systole.
• S2: It is the second sound 'dup'. It is sharper and has high pitch. It is produced by closure of semilunar valves by the end of ventricular systole. 
• S3 and S4 are usually faint and may not be audible. S3 is produced during ventricular filling of heart and S4 is produced during atrial systole.

A pulse is the rhythmic expansion and recoil of an artery resulting from the heart's contraction. It directly reflects the frequency of heart contractions, which is the heart rate.