Botany and Plant Science

In Polygonaceae family, stipules fuse to form a tube-like structure around the internode and are known as ochreate stipules.

Bulk of strawberry fruit develops from receptacle.

A carpel develops into fruit.

The growth of buds in conifers is excurrent.

Trichome is an axillary structure. It is a small hair or other outgrowth from the epidermis of a plant, typically unicellular and glandular.

Smilax has reticulate venation.

The stem is extremely elongated in corm.

Assimilatory roots are found in tinospora.

Stipules are modified into tendrils in smilax.

It is the innermost layer of cortex formed by compactly arranged barrel-shaped cells. Some of the cells in the endodermis are thin-walled and are known as passage cells. The passage cells allow water to pass into the xylem vessels.

These are branched as a star. For example: Petiole of lotus and tea leaves.

Conjunctive parenchyma is the parenchyma which occurs in the root system. It is specially meant for storage of water.

Endodermis is the inner most layer of cortex represented by a single layer of compactly arranged barrel-shaped parenchyma cells. In the stem, it is meant for storage. In the root, it plays an important role in the movement of absorbed water. Some of the cells in the root endodermis contain secondary thickenings called casparian thickenings formed by a waxy substance called suberin.

Exarch is used when there is more than one strand of primary xylem in a stem or root and the xylem develops from the outside inwards towards the center i.e. centripetally. The roots of vascular plants are normally considered to have exarch development.

Epiblema is the outermost covering of the root formed by a single layer of compactly arranged, barrel-shaped, parenchyma cells. The cells are characteristically thin-walled since they are involved in absorption of water. A cuticle and stomata are absent. Some of the epiblema cells are produced into long unicellular projections called root hairs. Hence, the epiblema is also known as a piliferous layer.