Behavioral Psychology and Physiology

(3) “Acro” is the root word which means “height”.

(1) “Pal” is the root word which means “touch”.

The example in B continues in D and 6. This gives the BD6 link. "Most of them" in C refers to "postures and movements" in 1. Hence, 1CABD6 is the correct sequence.

This is the correct option. In thigmotropism, the stimulus is touch. In geotropism, the stimulus is gravity. In phototropism, the stimulus is light.

The cranial capacity of man is the highest.

Thumb has played an important role in evolution as it provides better grasp to the man, and is termed as pollex.

Kinesis is a non-directional change in activity rate in response to stimulus intensity - as light increases, the organism's movement increases without directional orientation. Phototaxis is directional movement toward (positive) or away (negative) from light, which is different from the described response.

Nastic movements are non-directional responses to stimuli (paratonic). P is correct. Q is correct because both turgor changes AND differential growth can cause nastic movements. R is correct - nyctinasty (sleep movements) is nastic. S is INCORRECT because nastic movements are induced by external (exogenous) stimuli like light, touch, or temperature, not endogenous ones. Therefore S is the only incorrect statement.

Nikolaas Niko Tinbergen was a Dutch ethologist and ornithologist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Karl von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behavior patterns in animals. He described fixed action pattern in animals. In ethology, a fixed action pattern (FAP), or modal action pattern, is an instinctive behavioral sequence that is indivisible and runs to completion. Fixed action patterns are invariant and are produced by a neural network known as the innate releasing mechanism in response to an external sensory stimulus known as a sign stimulus or releaser (a signal from one individual to another). A fixed action pattern is one of the few types of behaviors which can be said to be hard-wired and instinctive.Ian Pavlov has contributed to many areas of physiology and neurological sciences. Most of his work involved research in, conditioning and involuntary reflex actions. He had come to learn this concept of conditioned reflex when examining the rates of salivations among dogs. Pavlov had learned then when a bell was rung in subsequent time with food being presented to the dog in consecutive sequences, the dog will initially salivate when the food is presented. The dog will later come to associate the ringing of the bell with the presentation of the food and salivate upon the ringing of the bell.Konrad Zacharias Lorenz was an Austrian zoologist, ethologist, and ornithologist. Lorenz studied instinctive behavior in animals, especially in greylag geese and jackdaws. Working with geese, he rediscovered the principle of imprinting (originally described by Douglas Spalding in the 19th century) in the behavior of nidifugous birds. Thorpe’s exposition of latent learning and insight learning is particularly relevant. Latent learning is a type of learning which does not express immediately in an overt response; it occurs without any obvious reinforcement of the behavior or associations that are learned. Interest in latent learning arose largely because the phenomenon seemed to conflict with the widely-held view that reinforcement was necessary for learning to occur.

This is the correct answer as both statements a and b are correct. The direction of nastic movement is not determined by the direction in which the stimulus is applied. Nastic movements are generally exhibited by the flat organs of plants like leaves or petals of flowers.

No matter a particular sensory pathway is stimulated along its course to the cortex, the conscious sensation produced is referred to the location of the receptor. This principle is called the law of projection.

Reflex actions are only controlled by spinal cord without the involvement of brain. These reactions are automatic and do not involve thinking.

It is a 'reaction' of an organism.

The palatoglossal arch (glossopalatine arch, anterior pillar of fauces) on either side runs downwards, sidewards and forwards to the side of the base of the tongue and is formed by the projection of the glossopalatinus with its covering mucous membrane.