Behavioral Psychology and Physiology

As per the author, the muscular effort we make is

Directions: Read the passage and answer the given question.

One of the most potent elements in body language is eye behaviour. You shift your eyes, meet another person's gaze or fail to meet it - and produce an effect out of all proportion to the trifling muscular effort you have made. When two people look searchingly into each other's eyes, emotions are heightened and  the relationship tipped toward greater intimacy.

In normal conversation, each eye contact lasts only about a second before one or both individuals look away. Because the longer meeting of the eyes is rare, it is weighted with significance when it happens and can generate a special kind of human-to-human awareness. Most of the time, a lingering look is inter­preted as a sign of attraction and this should be scru­pulously avoided except in appropriate circumstances. A young woman once complained. ‘That man makes me so uncomfortable, half the time when I glance at him he's already looking at me - and he keeps right on looking.'

Proper street behaviour requires a balance of at­tention and intention. You are supposed to look at a passer-by just enough to show that you are aware of his presence. If you look too little, you appear haughty or furtive; too much and you are inquisitive. Usually what happens is that people eye each other until they are about eight feet apart, at which point both cast down their eyes.

Much of eye behaviour is so subtle that we react to it only on the intuitive level. This has been demon­strated in elaborate experiments. Subjects sit and talk in the psychologist's laboratory, irrespective of the fact that their eye behaviour is being observed from be­hind a one-way vision screen. In one fairly typical ex­periment, subjects were induced to cheat while per­forming a task, then were interviewed and observed. It was found that those who. had cheated met the interviewer's eyes less often than was normal, an in­dication that 'shifty eyes' can actually be a tip-off to an attempt to deceive.

However, none of the `facts' of eye behaviour are cut and dried, for there are variations between indi­viduals. People use their eyes differently and spend different amounts of time looking at others. Besides, no pattern of eye behaviour is precisely predictable in any normal conversation.

From the findings of the research described in the passage, one can come to the conclusion that

Directions: Read the passage and answer the given question.

One of the most potent elements in body language is eye behaviour. You shift your eyes, meet another person's gaze or fail to meet it - and produce an effect out of all proportion to the trifling muscular effort you have made. When two people look searchingly into each other's eyes, emotions are heightened and  the relationship tipped toward greater intimacy.

In normal conversation, each eye contact lasts only about a second before one or both individuals look away. Because the longer meeting of the eyes is rare, it is weighted with significance when it happens and can generate a special kind of human-to-human awareness. Most of the time, a lingering look is inter­preted as a sign of attraction and this should be scru­pulously avoided except in appropriate circumstances. A young woman once complained. ‘That man makes me so uncomfortable, half the time when I glance at him he's already looking at me - and he keeps right on looking.'

Proper street behaviour requires a balance of at­tention and intention. You are supposed to look at a passer-by just enough to show that you are aware of his presence. If you look too little, you appear haughty or furtive; too much and you are inquisitive. Usually what happens is that people eye each other until they are about eight feet apart, at which point both cast down their eyes.

Much of eye behaviour is so subtle that we react to it only on the intuitive level. This has been demon­strated in elaborate experiments. Subjects sit and talk in the psychologist's laboratory, irrespective of the fact that their eye behaviour is being observed from be­hind a one-way vision screen. In one fairly typical ex­periment, subjects were induced to cheat while per­forming a task, then were interviewed and observed. It was found that those who. had cheated met the interviewer's eyes less often than was normal, an in­dication that 'shifty eyes' can actually be a tip-off to an attempt to deceive.

However, none of the `facts' of eye behaviour are cut and dried, for there are variations between indi­viduals. People use their eyes differently and spend different amounts of time looking at others. Besides, no pattern of eye behaviour is precisely predictable in any normal conversation.

Fill in the numbered blank (v).

Directions: Choose the best option to fill in the blank.

Yawning is an involuntary ______(i)______ in which your mouth opens up wide and you inhale deeply, followed by _____(ii)_____. When you say involuntary, this means that you have no _____(iii)_____ over this action much like other reflexes such as blinking or sneezing. Yawns are not _____(iv)______ only to human beings as all other animals do this. Despite a lot of _____(v)_____, we still know little about the causes of yawning.

Fill in the numbered blank (i).

Directions: Choose the best option to fill in the blank.

Yawning is an involuntary ______(i)______ in which your mouth opens up wide and you inhale deeply, followed by _____(ii)_____. When you say involuntary, this means that you have no _____(iii)_____ over this action much like other reflexes such as blinking or sneezing. Yawns are not _____(iv)______ only to human beings as all other animals do this. Despite a lot of _____(v)_____, we still know little about the causes of yawning.

Fill in the numbered blank (iii).

Directions: Choose the best option to fill in the blank.

Yawning is an involuntary ______(i)______ in which your mouth opens up wide and you inhale deeply, followed by _____(ii)_____. When you say involuntary, this means that you have no _____(iii)_____ over this action much like other reflexes such as blinking or sneezing. Yawns are not _____(iv)______ only to human beings as all other animals do this. Despite a lot of _____(v)_____, we still know little about the causes of yawning.

Fill in the numbered blank (iv).

Directions: Choose the best option to fill in the blank.

Yawning is an involuntary ______(i)______ in which your mouth opens up wide and you inhale deeply, followed by _____(ii)_____. When you say involuntary, this means that you have no _____(iii)_____ over this action much like other reflexes such as blinking or sneezing. Yawns are not _____(iv)______ only to human beings as all other animals do this. Despite a lot of _____(v)_____, we still know little about the causes of yawning.

Which of the following is true about fast reading?

Directions: Read the passage below and answer the question given underneath.

Passage

There is another interesting fact about eye movement. If you record the eye movements of someone who is reading, you will notice that, from time to time, the reader goes back and looks again at something he has read before; in other words, he regresses to an earlier part of the text, probably because he realises he does not understand the passage properly. Then he comes back to where he left off and continues reading. At one time, it was thought that regression was a fault, but it is in fact a very necessary activity in efficient reading. There are several different kinds of faults in reading, which are usually more exaggerated with foreign learners. The most common one is that most people read more slowly than they should. There is no rate at which people ought to read of course; it, depends on your purpose in reading, how difficult the language is, how unfamiliar the material and so on. But most people read everything at the same slow speed, and do not seem to realise that they can read faster or slower as required. Other people say the words to themselves, or move their lips - these habits slow the reader down to something near speaking speed, which is, of course, much slower than reading speed. Another habit which can slow you down is following the line with your finger, or with a pen.
If you want to be able to read faster, the secret is simply to practise under timed conditions. This means that you should give yourself a certain amount of time to read with understanding, and then check your time when you have finished. Students who have practised fast reading even for only an hour - a week, have shown average improvements of over 50% over a term of ten week's duration. Reading fast does not necessarily mean reading with less comprehension. In fact, students usually show a small increase in comprehension as well as a dramatic increase in speed.