Agricultural Practices in India

A Kulh is a traditional irrigation system found in the mountainous regions of India, specifically Himachal Pradesh, used to divert water from streams to fields.

Bawaries are traditional stepwells used for water harvesting and storage, commonly found in regions like Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.

C3 plants, such as wheat, generally show a more significant increase in photosynthetic rate and growth in response to elevated CO2 levels compared to C4 plants like sugarcane or maize.

The jhum cultivators broadcast the seeds, that is, scattered the seeds on the field instead of ploughing the land and sowing the seeds. Once the crop was ready and harvested, they moved to another field. 

By the thirteenth century Indian indigo was being used by cloth manufacturers in Italy, France and Britain to dye cloth. However, only small amounts of Indian indigo reached the European market and its price was very high. European cloth manufacturers therefore had to depend on another plant called woad to make violet and blue dyes. Being a plant of the temperate zones, woad was more easily available in Europe. It was grown in northern Italy, southern France and in parts of Germany and Britain. Worried by the competition from indigo, woad producers in Europe pressurised their governments to ban the import of indigo.

Jhum cultivation is also called shifting cultivation. This was done on small patches of land, mostly in forests. The cultivators cut the treetops to allow sunlight to reach the ground, and burnt the vegetation on the land to clear it for cultivation. They spread the ash from the firing, which contained potash, to fertilise the soil. They used the axe to cut trees and the hoe to scratch the soil in order to prepare it for cultivation. They broadcast the seeds, that is, scattered the seeds on the field instead of ploughing the land and sowing the seeds. Once the crop was ready and harvested, they moved to another field. A field that had been cultivated once was left fallow for several years, Shifting cultivators were found in the hilly and forested tracts of north-east and central India. 

Jhum cultivation is the practice of clearing vegetative/forest cover on land/slopes of hills, drying and burning it before onset of monsoon and cropping on it thereafter. It is a primitive practice of cultivation in States of North Eastern Hill Region of India. Land is often cleared by slash-and-burn methods. The ashes add potash to the soil.

Dhya, Kumri, and Podu are all recognized local names for shifting cultivation in different parts of India. Bora Bora is a geographic location and not a term for this agricultural practice.

A significant portion of India's agricultural land lacks access to reliable irrigation infrastructure, making it heavily dependent on monsoon rainfall.

Agriculture is generally considered labor-intensive rather than capital-intensive compared to heavy industry, resulting in a relatively low capital-output ratio.

Ans - FOOD CROPS

Rice is the most cultivated crop in India. India is the world's second-largest producer of rice. producction of rice in the year 2019 is 117.47 million tonnes

The benefits of the Green Revolution and modern agricultural technology were initially concentrated in regions with good irrigation, leaving a large portion of the country's cropped area without these benefits.

Modernization in agriculture refers to the transition from traditional labor-intensive methods to technology-driven methods, primarily through increased mechanization.