Tag: soldiers of defense

• Lymph is a fluid which flows through the lymphatic system of the body and takes part in transportation. Lymph is formed by the seepage of blood plasma, proteins, and few blood cells through the pores of capillaries.
  
• Lymph transports protein, fats and other nutrients from the digestive system. Lymph also collects bacteria and other pathogens from the bloodstream and brings to the lymph nodes to destroy them. Lymph mainly contains blood plasma with some white blood cells.
  

Lymph is a clear fluid that does NOT transport red blood cells (RBCs). The actual functions of lymph include: draining excess tissue fluid from intercellular spaces, transporting lymphocytes and antibodies for immune function, and transporting absorbed dietary fats from the small intestine via lacteals. Option A is the correct answer as it is NOT a lymph function.

The relationship between oxygen levels and hemoglobin saturation is indicated by the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation (saturation) curve at high partial pressures of O2 (above about 40 mm Hg), hemoglobin saturation remains rather high (typically about 75 - 80%). This rather flat section of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is called the 'plateau'. 40 mm Hg is the typical partial pressure of oxygen in the cells of the body. Examination of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve reveals that, under resting conditions, only about 20 - 25% of hemoglobin molecules give up oxygen in the systemic capillaries. This is significant (in other words, the 'plateau' is significant) because it means that you have a substantial reserve of oxygen. In other words, if you become more active, & your cells need more oxygen, the blood (hemoglobin molecules) has lots of oxygen to provide When you do become more active, partial pressures of oxygen in your (active) cells may drop well below 40 mm Hg.

Fibrin, fibrinogen, and calcium ions are essential components of the blood clotting cascade. Sodium ions (Na+) are electrolytes in plasma and do not play a direct role in the coagulation process.

Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of the blood through the circulatory system.
Thrombocytes are also called 'platelets' and these are the blood cells, whose function is to stop bleeding.
Thrombin is the enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin, and a reaction that leads to the formation of fibrin clot.
Thrombocytopenia is the disorder in which there is an abnormally low amount of platelets.
Thus, the correct answer is option (A).

Thromboplastin is a plasma protein aiding blood coagulation through catalyzing the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. It is a complex enzyme that is found in brain, lung, and other tissues and especially in blood platelets and that functions in the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in the clotting of blood—called also thrombokinase.

Vitamin K plays a key role in helping the blood clot, preventing excessive bleeding. Unlike many other vitamins, vitamin K is not typically used as a dietary supplement. Vitamin K is actually a group of compounds. The most important of these compounds appears to be vitamin K1 and vitamin K2

When whole blood is refrigerated at 4 degrees Celsius, cellular metabolism slows down significantly and the sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na+/K+ ATPase) pumps cease to function due to lack of active transport. Consequently, potassium ions that are normally pumped inside leak out down their concentration gradient into the plasma, establishing ionic equilibrium.

Ca\${+2}\$ is necessary for blood coagulation -

In the clotting cascade, damaged platelets release thromboplastin (A), which converts prothrombin (D) into thrombin (B) in the presence of calcium. Thrombin then converts fibrinogen (C) into fibrin threads.