World History

The Anti-Partition agitation backfired the plans of Lord Curzon. It gave added strength to the National Movement. The methods adopted by the Early Nationalists lost their appeal and gave an opportunity to the Assertive Nationalists to lead the National Movement.

Increased European encroachment ultimately led to the colonization and occupation of South Africa by the Dutch. The Cape Colony remained under Dutch rule until 1795 before it fell to the British Crown, before reverting back to Dutch Rule in 1803 and again to British occupation in 1806.

French was the lingua franca of the European aristocracy and diplomacy during the 18th and 19th centuries.

The Carbonari  were groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th-century Italy. The Italian Carbonari may have further influenced other revolutionary groups in France, Spain, Portugal and possibly Russia. Although their goals often had a patriotic and liberal focus, they lacked a clear immediate political agenda.

This Code was exported to the regions under French control.

In 1867, Garibaldi led an army of volunteers known as Red shirts to Rome to fight the last obstacle to the unification of Italy, the Papal States where a French garrison was stationed. 

The colonisation of Vietnam by the French brought the people of the country into conflict with the colonisers in all areas of life. The most visible form of French control was military and economic domination but the French also built a system that tried to reshape the culture of the Vietnamese. 

Developments in China also inspired Vietnamese nationalists. In 1911, the long established monarchy in China was overthrown by a popular movement under Sun Yat-sen, and a Republic was set up. Inspired by these developments, Vietnamese students organised the Association for the Restoration of Vietnam (Viet-Nam Quan Phuc Hoi).

Kaiser William II believed that his country alone was competent to rule the whole world. He couldn't tolerate the British Empire. Germany needed colonies not only as a sign of her world importance but also for her growing population. In order to protect Germany, Kaiser William II increased the strength of the army and stationed a fleet at Heligoland in the North Sea.

The original thirteen British colonies in North America were established along the Atlantic coast, which is the eastern seaboard of the continent.

The Portuguese were the first Europeans to establish a maritime empire in the Indian Ocean, focusing on controlling key trade routes and ports after Vasco da Gama reached India.

Brazil was colonized by Portugal, which is why Portuguese is the official language of Brazil today.

Italy brought the dreadful disease of Rinderpest to Africa. There was a large scale infection in Africa that caused major changes to animal life. Rinderpest entered in 1887 at Massawa from Indian cattle for the Italian army. Rinderpest swept from the Horn of Africa west to the Atlantic and south to the Cape of Good Hope. Ethiopia lost 95% of their cattle and most of the human population starved to death.