Viral Diseases and Immunity

Human immunodeficiency virus infection or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a serious immune disorder caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV is different in structure from other retroviruses. It is composed of two copies of positive-sense single-stranded RNA. HIV replicates in T4 cells. AIDS is a sexually transmitted infection and transmitted through sexual contact and sharing infected needles. It is not spread by mere touch or physical contact. There is currently no cure or effective HIV vaccine. Treatment consists of highly active antiretroviral therapy which slows progression of the disease. HIV usually causes flu-like symptoms about two to four weeks after transmission. This short period of time is called acute infection.

• AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV virus.
  
• T-helper cells play an important role in adaptive immunity. They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells.
• HIV destroys(CD4+ cells) T-helper lymphocyte cells and reducing their number. They're responsible for keeping you healthy from common diseases and infections. As HIV gradually weakens your natural defences, signs and symptoms will occur.
• Hence HIV attacks T-helper cells.
• So, the correct answer is 'The causative HIV retroviruses enters helper T-lymphocytes thus reducing their number.'.

• AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV virus. It breaks down the body immune system, leaving the patient vulnerable to a host of life-threatening opportunistic infections.
• HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)belongs to the special class of viruses called retrovirus.with in this class HIV is placed in a subgroup called lentivirus.
• HIV consists of a viral envelope.with in the viral envelope 2 identical copies of single-stranded RNA are a present and reverse transcriptase enzyme.
• Hence AIDS virus has single-stranded RNA.
• So, the correct answer is 'Single-stranded RNA'.

• AIDS(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV virus(retrovirus). It breaks down the body immune system, leaving the patient vulnerable to a host of life-threatening opportunistic infections.
• HIV destroys(CD4+ cells) T-helper cells.They're responsible for keeping you healthy from common diseases and infections. As HIV gradually weakens your natural defences, signs and symptoms will occur. Hence HIV selectively infects and kills T-lymphocytes.
• So, the correct answer is 'Option C'.

After entering into the body of a person, HIV enters into macrophages, where RNA genome of the virus replicates to produce viral DNA with the help of enzyme reverse transcriptase which gets incorporated into host cell's DNA and directs the cells to produce virus particles. Macrophages continue to produce viruses. Simultaneously, HIV enters into helper T- lymphocytes, replicates and produce more viruses which are released in blood and they attack other lymphocytes causing repeated decrease in T- lymphocytes. Due to this person starts suffering from infections that could have been otherwise overcome. So the correct option is "when HIV damages large number of helper T- lymphocytes"   

AIDS-related complex (ARC) is a phase of HIV infection described clinically but no longer commonly diagnosed in practice. ARC lacks only the opportunistic infections and neoplasms which define AIDS. ARC patients usually show symptoms of fatigue, weight loss upto 10%, night sweats, along with superficial fungal infections of the mouth and fingernails and toenails.

AIDS is caused by HIV (Human Immuno Deficiency Virus). HIV is a member of a group of the retrovirus. Retrovirus has envelope enclosing the RNA genome. HIV is enveloped virus that contains two identical molecules of single-stranded RNA and two molecules of reverse transcriptase.

Explanation: An acquired disorder is a medical condition which develops post-fetally; in contrast with a congenital disorder, which is present at birth. A congenital disorder may be antecedent to an acquired disorder.

AIDS-related complex or ARC is the initial phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and it includes symptoms such as low-grade fever, weight loss, diarrhea, bacterial/fungal infections etc. Whereas AIDS or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is the advanced form of HIV infection.
So, the correct answer is 'Initial form of AIDS'.

AIDS, genital herpes and hepatitis B are not completely curable STDs. AIDS is caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Genital herpes is caused by Herpes Simplex Virus and hepatitis B is caused by Hepatitis B Virus.

High blood pressure is a non-infectious (non-communicable) condition. It is often caused by excessive weight and lack of exercise. 

A retrovirus has been identified as a single-stranded positive sense RNA virus which has an intermediate DNA that helps it target the host cell as an obligate parasite. This virus reverses the usual pattern and uses its transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA. The transmission of these viruses been generally cell-to-cell. In human beings, cancer can be triggered by proto-oncogenes present in the retrovirus which are mistakenly incorporated into proviral DNA or by the disruption of the cellular proto-oncogenes

• Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS) is caused by a retrovirus called human immunodeficiency viruses(HIV).
• People transmit HIV in bodily fluids, including, blood, semen, vaginal secretions. anal fluids, breast milk.
  
• When an injectable used for AIDS patient is used for the normal individual the HIV virus gets transmitted through blood. Hence The disease caused by the injectable drug is AIDS.
• So, the correct answer is 'AIDS'.

Multiple sexual partners, unprotected sex, and sharing needles are cultural factors commonly associated with an increased risk of HIV/AIDS.