Viral Diseases and Immunity

HIV spreads mainly by having sex or sharing injection drug equipment such as needles with someone who has HIV. Also, certain fluid like blood from an HIV-infected person can transmit HIV. So, the person who has multiple sex partners or who takes drugs intravenously (through needles, injections) and who require repeated blood transfusions are at high risk of HIV.
Thus, the correct answer is option D.

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the RNA-containing virus belong to the retrovirus. It targets the immune system especially TH cells, where they replicate. As the virus destroys and impairs the function of immune cells, infected individuals gradually become immunodeficient. It is transmitted from infected to healthy man through body fluid by sexual contact or sharing a needle with an infected person. The symptoms of HIV vary depending on the stage of infection. Though people living with HIV tend to be most infectious in the first few months, many are unaware of their status until later stages. The first few weeks after initial infection, individuals may experience no symptoms or an influenza-like illness including fever, headache, rash or a sore throat. It can be treated by using the anti-retroviral drug which is partially effective. Hence, the correct answer is option E.

• 'AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV virus. It breaks down the body immune system, leaving the patient vulnerable to a host of life-threatening opportunistic infections.
• The first AIDS cases in the world were reported in the United States in June 1981.
• In  India, in the year 1986, the first known case of HIV was diagnosed by Dr Suniti Solomon and her student Dr Sellappan Nirmala amongst female sex workers in Chennai, The virus found was HIV-1.
• Hence AIDS virus found in India is HIV-1.
• So, the correct answer is 'HIV-1'

• AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV virus.
• HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)belongs to the special class of viruses called retrovirus.with in this class HIV is placed in a subgroup called lentivirus.
• HIV consists of a viral envelope.with in the viral envelope 2 identical copies of single-stranded RNA are a present and reverse transcriptase enzyme. Hence HIV has a protein coat and a genetic material which is ss RNA.
• So, the correct answer is 'ss RNA'.

• AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV virus. It breaks down the body immune system, leaving the patient vulnerable to a host of life-threatening opportunistic infections.
• AIDS spreads due to homosexuality, immoral way of life, infected blood, needles and syringes.
  
• AIDS does not spread from person to person through direct contact (touching a person who has the infection), indirect contact (touching a contaminated object), or droplet contact (inhaling droplets made when a person who has the infection coughs, sneezes, or talks). Hence AIDS does not spread by the handshake.
• So, the correct answer is 'By handshake'.

• AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV virus. 
  
• T-helper cells play an important role in adaptive immunity. They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells.
• HIV destroys (CD4+ cells) T-helper cells. They're responsible for keeping you healthy from common diseases and infections. As HIV gradually weakens your natural defences, signs and symptoms will occur. Hence AIDS is due to a reduction in the number of helper T-cells. Hence HIV decreases natural immunity by attacking T-lymphocytes.
• So, the correct answer is 'Attacking T- lymphocytes'.

• AIDS(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV virus. It breaks down the body immune system, leaving the patient vulnerable to a host of life-threatening opportunistic infections.
  
• T-helper cells play an important role in adaptive immunity. They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells.
• HIV destroys(CD4+ cells) T-helper lymphocytes cells.They're responsible for keeping you healthy from common diseases and infections. As HIV gradually weakens your natural defences, signs and symptoms will occur.
• Hence HIV attacks T-helper cells. Hence AIDS is caused by HIV that principally infects T-4 helper lymphocytes.
• So, the correct answer is 'T -4 helper lymphocytes'.

• AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV virus.
• AIDS does not spread from person to person through direct contact (touching a person who has the infection), indirect contact (touching a contaminated object), or droplet contact (inhaling droplets made when a person who has the infection coughs, sneezes, or talks).
• Hence AIDS does not spreads through contact with clothes of an AIDS patient.
• So,the correct answer is 'Through contact with clothes of an AIDS patient'.

• AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the HIV virus
• T-helper cells play an important role in adaptive immunity. They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells.
• HIV replicates rapidly in helper T-lymphocytes(CD 4) and damages a large number of them. They're responsible for keeping you healthy from common diseases and infections. As HIV gradually weakens your natural defences, signs and symptoms will occur.
• So, the correct answer is 'HIV replicates rapidly in helper T-lymphocytes and damages a large number of them'.

•  Vaccines typically work by triggering the immune system to produce antibodies that help to beat infections.
•  But most antibodies can't secure and neutralize HIV. 
• The proteins on the surface of the virus mutate rapidly and change shape continuously. 
• Hence, HIV does not escape but attacks the acquire immunity response is correct regarding AIDS causative HIV.
• So, the correct answer is 'HIV does not escape but attacks the acquire immunity response'.

• A retrovirus is a type of RNA virus that inserts a copy of its genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell. 
• Such viruses are either single-stranded RNA (e.g. HIV) or double-stranded DNA (e.g. Hepatitis B virus) viruses.
•  In most viruses, DNA is transcribed into RNA, and then RNA is translated into protein.
•  However, retroviruses function differently, as their RNA is reverse-transcribed into DNA, which is integrated into the host cell's genome (when it becomes a provirus), and then undergoes the usual transcription and translational processes to express the genes carried by the virus. Hence, HIV belongs to the retrovirus group.

AIDS is a viral disease transmitted through certain body fluids such as semen, saliva, blood, the breast milk of an AIDS infected person by sexual contact,  breastfeeding from HIV-infected mother can transmit AIDS to the baby and by blood transfusion. During hug, no body fluid is entered into the body from one person to another. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

HIV causes AIDS by destroying or depleting the number of CD4+ cells or they may functionally impair the cells. This reduces the ability of the immune system to fight against diseases. So, the correct option is 'depleting CD+4 T-helper lymphocytes'.